descartes¡¯ reason discourse(µÑ¿¨¶ûµÄÍÆÀí)-µÚ7ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡not£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstance¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
thought¡¡to¡¡doubt¡¡of¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡other¡¡things£»¡¡it¡¡most¡¡clearly¡¡and¡¡certainly¡¡
followed¡¡that¡¡I¡¡was£»¡¡while£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡had¡¡only¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡think£»¡¡
although¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡objects¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡imagined¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
reality¡¡¡¡¡¡existent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡existed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
thence¡¡concluded¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡substance¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡essence¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡
consists¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡thinking£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡exist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡
place£»¡¡nor¡¡is¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡any¡¡material¡¡thing£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡¡¨¡¡I£»¡¨¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡the¡¡
mind¡¡by¡¡which¡¡I¡¡am¡¡what¡¡I¡¡am£»¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡distinct¡¡from¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡
even¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡known¡¡than¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡such£»¡¡that¡¡although¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡
were¡¡not£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡still¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡be¡¡all¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡this¡¡I¡¡inquired¡¡in¡¡general¡¡into¡¡what¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡I¡¡to¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡and¡¡
certainty¡¡of¡¡a¡¡proposition£»¡¡for¡¡since¡¡I¡¡had¡¡discovered¡¡one¡¡which¡¡I¡¡knew¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡true£»¡¡I¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡I¡¡must¡¡likewise¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡
this¡¡certitude¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡as¡¡I¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡words¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡therefore¡¡I¡¡am£»¡¡
there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡at¡¡all¡¡which¡¡gives¡¡me¡¡assurance¡¡of¡¡their¡¡truth¡¡beyond¡¡this£»¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡think¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡exist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
concluded¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡take£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡rule£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡principle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
things¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡distinctly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conceive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡true£»¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡
observing£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡some¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡rightly¡¡determining¡¡the¡¡
objects¡¡which¡¡we¡¡distinctly¡¡conceive¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡next¡¡place£»¡¡from¡¡reflecting¡¡on¡¡the¡¡circumstance¡¡that¡¡I¡¡doubted£»¡¡
and¡¡that¡¡consequently¡¡my¡¡being¡¡was¡¡not¡¡wholly¡¡perfect¡¡£¨for¡¡I¡¡clearly¡¡saw¡¡
that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡perfection¡¡to¡¡know¡¡than¡¡to¡¡doubt£©£»¡¡I¡¡was¡¡led¡¡to¡¡inquire¡¡
whence¡¡I¡¡had¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡something¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡than¡¡myself£»¡¡and¡¡
I¡¡clearly¡¡recognized¡¡that¡¡I¡¡must¡¡hold¡¡this¡¡notion¡¡from¡¡some¡¡nature¡¡which¡¡
in¡¡reality¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thoughts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡many¡¡¡¡other¡¡objects¡¡
external¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sky£»¡¡the¡¡earth£»¡¡light£»¡¡heat£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡more£»¡¡I¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡loss¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡whence¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡came£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡remarked¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
them¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡seemed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡render¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡superior¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡myself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡
believe¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡these¡¡were¡¡true£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡dependencies¡¡on¡¡my¡¡own¡¡nature£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡26¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡27¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡possessed¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡perfection£»¡¡and£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡false£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡
held¡¡them¡¡from¡¡nothing£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡me¡¡because¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
certain¡¡imperfection¡¡of¡¡my¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡the¡¡case¡¡with¡¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡myself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡receive¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡
nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡manifestly¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡
repugnant¡¡that¡¡the¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡should¡¡be¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡of£»¡¡and¡¡dependence¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡less¡¡perfect£»¡¡than¡¡that¡¡something¡¡should¡¡proceed¡¡from¡¡nothing£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
equally¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡hold¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡myself£º¡¡¡¡¡¡accordingly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡
remained¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡me¡¡by¡¡a¡¡nature¡¡which¡¡was¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡
more¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡mine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡possessed¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
perfections¡¡of¡¡which¡¡I¡¡could¡¡form¡¡any¡¡idea£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡word£»¡¡
which¡¡was¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡to¡¡this¡¡I¡¡added¡¡that£»¡¡since¡¡I¡¡knew¡¡some¡¡perfections¡¡
which¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡possess£»¡¡I¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡only¡¡being¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡£¨I¡¡will¡¡here£»¡¡
with¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡¡¡¡¡permission£»¡¡¡¡¡¡freely¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡terms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡schools£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
contrary£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡of¡¡necessity¡¡some¡¡other¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡Being¡¡upon¡¡
whom¡¡I¡¡was¡¡dependent£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡had¡¡received¡¡all¡¡that¡¡I¡¡possessed£»¡¡
for¡¡if¡¡I¡¡had¡¡existed¡¡alone£»¡¡and¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡every¡¡other¡¡being£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡
have¡¡had¡¡from¡¡¡¡myself¡¡all¡¡the¡¡perfection£»¡¡however¡¡little£»¡¡which¡¡I¡¡actually¡¡
possessed£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡have¡¡been¡¡able£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason£»¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡from¡¡
myself¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡remainder¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡perfection£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
conscious£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡myself¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bee¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡infinite£»¡¡¡¡eternal£»¡¡
immutable£»¡¡omniscient£»¡¡all¡powerful£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡fine£»¡¡have¡¡possessed¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
perfections¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡recognize¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡God¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨whose¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡established¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡preceding¡¡
reasonings£©£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡my¡¡own¡¡nature¡¡permitted£»¡¡I¡¡had¡¡only¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡in¡¡
reference¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡properties¡¡of¡¡which¡¡I¡¡found¡¡in¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡some¡¡idea£»¡¡
whether¡¡their¡¡possession¡¡was¡¡a¡¡mark¡¡of¡¡perfection£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡was¡¡assured¡¡that¡¡
no¡¡one¡¡which¡¡indicated¡¡any¡¡imperfection¡¡was¡¡in¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
rest¡¡was¡¡awanting¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡I¡¡perceived¡¡that¡¡doubt£»¡¡inconstancy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sadness£»¡¡
and¡¡such¡¡like£»¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡God£»¡¡since¡¡I¡¡myself¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
happy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Besides£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡sensible¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
corporeal¡¡things£»¡¡for¡¡although¡¡I¡¡might¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡I¡¡was¡¡dreaming£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡
that¡¡all¡¡which¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡or¡¡imagined¡¡was¡¡false£»¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡deny¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡ideas¡¡were¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡in¡¡my¡¡thoughts¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡had¡¡already¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡27¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡28¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
very¡¡clearly¡¡recognized¡¡in¡¡myself¡¡that¡¡the¡¡intelligent¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡distinct¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡corporeal£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡observed¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡position¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡evidence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
dependency£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡dependency¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡manifestly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡of¡¡
imperfection£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡determined¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡perfection¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
God¡¡to¡¡be¡¡pounded¡¡of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡natures¡¡and¡¡that¡¡consequently¡¡he¡¡was¡¡
not¡¡so¡¡pounded£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡any¡¡bodies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡
any¡¡¡¡¡¡intelligences£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡natures¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
existence¡¡depended¡¡on¡¡his¡¡power¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡subsist¡¡
without¡¡him¡¡for¡¡a¡¡single¡¡moment¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡was¡¡disposed¡¡straightway¡¡to¡¡search¡¡for¡¡other¡¡truths¡¡and¡¡when¡¡I¡¡had¡¡
represented¡¡to¡¡myself¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡the¡¡geometers£»¡¡which¡¡I¡¡conceived¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
a¡¡continuous¡¡body¡¡or¡¡a¡¡space¡¡indefinitely¡¡extended¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡breadth£»¡¡and¡¡
height¡¡or¡¡depth£»¡¡divisible¡¡into¡¡divers¡¡parts¡¡which¡¡admit¡¡of¡¡different¡¡figures¡¡
and¡¡sizes£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡being¡¡moved¡¡or¡¡transposed¡¡in¡¡all¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡ways¡¡£¨for¡¡all¡¡
this¡¡the¡¡geometers¡¡suppose¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡object¡¡they¡¡contemplate£©£»¡¡I¡¡went¡¡
over¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡simplest¡¡¡¡¡¡demonstrations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
observed£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡certitude¡¡which¡¡by¡¡mon¡¡consent¡¡is¡¡accorded¡¡to¡¡
these¡¡¡¡¡¡demonstrations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡founded¡¡¡¡¡¡solely¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡
conceived¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡accordance¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rules¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡¡¡¡¡laid¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
next¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡perceived¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡
demonstrations¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡assure¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡object£º¡¡
thus£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡supposing¡¡a¡¡triangle¡¡to¡¡be¡¡given£»¡¡I¡¡distinctly¡¡perceived¡¡
that¡¡its¡¡three¡¡angles¡¡were¡¡necessarily¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡two¡¡right¡¡angles£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡did¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡account¡¡¡¡¡¡perceive¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡assure¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡
triangle¡¡existed£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡while£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡recurring¡¡to¡¡the¡¡examination¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Perfect¡¡Being£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡that¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Being¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
prised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡that¡¡the¡¡equality¡¡of¡¡its¡¡three¡¡angles¡¡
to¡¡two¡¡right¡¡angles¡¡is¡¡prised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡a¡¡triangle£»¡¡or¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡
of¡¡a¡¡sphere£»¡¡the¡¡equidistance¡¡of¡¡all¡¡points¡¡on¡¡its¡¡surface¡¡from¡¡the¡¡center£»¡¡or¡¡
even¡¡still¡¡more¡¡clearly£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡consequently¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡least¡¡as¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡
God£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡Perfect¡¡¡¡¡¡Being£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡exists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡demonstration¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
geometry¡¡can¡¡be¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡which¡¡leads¡¡many¡¡to¡¡persuade¡¡them¡¡selves¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulty¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡truth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡29¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
mind¡¡really¡¡is£»¡¡is¡¡that¡¡they¡¡never¡¡raise¡¡their¡¡thoughts¡¡above¡¡sensible¡¡objects£»¡¡
and¡¡are¡¡so¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡nothing¡¡except¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡imagination£»¡¡
which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡thinking¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡material¡¡objects£»¡¡that¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡
imaginable¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡them¡¡not¡¡intelligible¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡this¡¡is¡¡sufficiently¡¡
manifest¡¡from¡¡the¡¡single¡¡circumstance£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡philosophers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡schools¡¡
accept¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡maxim¡¡¡¡that¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡understanding¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
not¡¡previously¡¡in¡¡the¡¡senses£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡however¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ideas¡¡
of¡¡God¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡me¡¡that¡¡they¡¡who¡¡
make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡their¡¡imagination¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡prehend¡¡these¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡exactly¡¡¡¡the¡¡
some¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡if£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡hear¡¡¡¡¡¡sounds¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡smell¡¡¡¡¡¡odors£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡strove¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
avail¡¡themselves¡¡of¡¡their¡¡eyes£»¡¡unless¡¡indeed¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡this¡¡difference£»¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡sight¡¡does¡¡not¡¡afford¡¡us¡¡an¡¡inferior¡¡assurance¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡
smell¡¡or¡¡hearing£»¡¡in¡¡place¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡neither¡¡our¡¡imagination¡¡nor¡¡our¡¡senses¡¡
can¡¡give¡¡us¡¡assurance¡¡of¡¡anything¡¡unless¡¡our¡¡understanding¡¡intervene¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Finally£»¡¡if¡¡there¡¡be¡¡still¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not¡¡sufficiently¡¡persuaded¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡God¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soul£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡I¡¡have¡¡adduced£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡
desirous¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡know¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡propositions£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡
of¡¡which¡¡they¡¡deem¡¡themselves¡¡perhaps¡¡more¡¡assured£»¡¡as¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡
body£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡there¡¡exist¡¡stars¡¡and¡¡an¡¡earth£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡like£»¡¡are¡¡less¡¡certain£»¡¡
for£»¡¡although¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡moral¡¡assurance¡¡of¡¡these¡¡things£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡so¡¡strong¡¡
that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡extravagance¡¡in¡¡doubting¡¡of¡¡their¡¡existence£»¡¡
yet¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡one£»¡¡¡¡¡¡unless¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡intellect¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡impaired£»¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡deny£»¡¡
when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡relates¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡metaphysical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certitude£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
sufficient¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡entire¡¡assurance£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡observation¡¡that¡¡when¡¡
asleep¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡imagine¡¡¡¡¡¡ourselves¡¡¡¡¡¡possessed¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡
body¡¡and¡¡that¡¡we¡¡see¡¡other¡¡stars¡¡and¡¡another¡¡earth£»¡¡when¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thoughts¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡occur¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
dreaming¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡false¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡t