°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > alcibiades ii(°¢¶ûÎ÷±ÈÑǵÂ˹) >

µÚ1ÕÂ

alcibiades ii(°¢¶ûÎ÷±ÈÑǵÂ˹)-µÚ1ÕÂ

С˵£º alcibiades ii(°¢¶ûÎ÷±ÈÑǵÂ˹) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Platonic¡¡Imitator¡¡



Translated¡¡by¡¡Benjamin¡¡Jowett¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡2¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡APPENDIX¡¡II¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡two¡¡dialogues¡¡which¡¡are¡¡translated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡appendix¡¡are¡¡not¡¡

mentioned¡¡by¡¡Aristotle£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡any¡¡early¡¡authority£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡no¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡be¡¡

ascribed¡¡to¡¡Plato¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡Platonic¡¡dialogues¡¡to¡¡be¡¡assigned¡¡

probably¡¡to¡¡the¡¡second¡¡or¡¡third¡¡generation¡¡after¡¡Plato£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡writings¡¡

were¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Alexandria¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡exhibit¡¡¡¡¡¡considerable¡¡

originality£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡remarkable¡¡for¡¡containing¡¡several¡¡thoughts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sort¡¡

which¡¡we¡¡suppose¡¡to¡¡be¡¡modern¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡ancient£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡therefore¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡peculiar¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Second¡¡¡¡¡¡Alcibiades¡¡¡¡¡¡shows¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

difficulties¡¡about¡¡prayer¡¡which¡¡have¡¡perplexed¡¡Christian¡¡theologians¡¡were¡¡

not¡¡unknown¡¡among¡¡the¡¡followers¡¡of¡¡Plato¡£¡¡The¡¡Eryxias¡¡was¡¡doubted¡¡by¡¡

the¡¡ancients¡¡themselves£º¡¡yet¡¡it¡¡may¡¡claim¡¡the¡¡distinction¡¡of¡¡being£»¡¡among¡¡

all¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡writings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡anticipates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡most¡¡

striking¡¡¡¡¡¡manner¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡economy¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

abstract¡¡form¡¡to¡¡some¡¡of¡¡its¡¡principal¡¡doctrines¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡dialogues¡¡I¡¡am¡¡indebted¡¡to¡¡my¡¡friend¡¡

and¡¡secretary£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Knight¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡the¡¡Dialogue¡¡which¡¡goes¡¡by¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Second¡¡Alcibiades¡¡is¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡genuine¡¡¡¡¡¡writing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Plato¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡maintained¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡modern¡¡¡¡¡¡critic£»¡¡

and¡¡was¡¡hardly¡¡believed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ancients¡¡themselves¡£¡¡The¡¡dialectic¡¡is¡¡poor¡¡

and¡¡weak¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡power¡¡over¡¡language£»¡¡or¡¡beauty¡¡of¡¡style£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡

is¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡abruptness¡¡and¡¡agroikia¡¡in¡¡the¡¡conversation£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡very¡¡un¡­¡¡

Platonic¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡passage¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡poets£ºthe¡¡¡¡¡¡remark¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡poet£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡of¡¡a¡¡reserved¡¡disposition£»¡¡is¡¡uncommonly¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡

understand£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ridiculous¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡Homer£»¡¡are¡¡entirely¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

spirit¡¡of¡¡Plato¡¡£¨compare¡¡Protag£»¡¡Ion£»¡¡Apol¡££©¡£¡¡The¡¡characters¡¡are¡¡ill¡­¡¡drawn¡£¡¡

Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡assumes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡'superior¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡person'¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡preaches¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡much£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡

Alcibiades¡¡is¡¡stupid¡¡and¡¡heavy¡­in¡­hand¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡Stoic¡¡influence¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡tone¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡phraseology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Dialogue¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨compare¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opos¡¡

melesei¡¡tis¡£¡£¡£kaka£º¡¡oti¡¡pas¡¡aphron¡¡mainetai£©£º¡¡and¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡

been¡¡¡¡¡¡acquainted¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡'Laws'¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Plato¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨compare¡¡¡¡¡¡Laws£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡¡¡¡¡incident¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Symposium¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡clumsily¡¡¡¡¡¡introduced£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡somewhat¡¡

hackneyed¡¡quotations¡¡£¨Symp¡££»¡¡Gorg¡££©¡¡recur¡£¡¡The¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡3¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



Archelaus¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡occurred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡'quite¡¡¡¡¡¡lately'¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡fiction£»¡¡¡¡probably¡¡

suggested¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Gorgias£»¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡story¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Archelaus¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡told£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

similar¡¡phrase¡¡occurs£»ta¡¡gar¡¡echthes¡¡kai¡¡proen¡¡gegonota¡¡tauta£»¡¡k¡£t¡£l¡£¡¡There¡¡

are¡¡several¡¡passages¡¡which¡¡are¡¡either¡¡corrupt¡¡or¡¡extremely¡¡ill¡­¡¡expressed¡£¡¡

But¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡dialogue£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

good¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡short¡¡¡¡¡¡spurious¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡attributed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

second¡¡or¡¡third¡¡century¡¡before¡¡Christ¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡4¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PERSONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡DIALOGUE£º¡¡Socrates¡¡and¡¡Alcibiades¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Are¡¡you¡¡going£»¡¡Alcibiades£»¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡prayer¡¡to¡¡Zeus£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡I¡¡am¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡troubled¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡cast¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡¡¡¡¡eyes¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

ground£»¡¡as¡¡though¡¡you¡¡were¡¡thinking¡¡about¡¡something¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Of¡¡what¡¡do¡¡you¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡I¡¡am¡¡thinking£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡things£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡believe¡£¡¡Tell¡¡me£»¡¡do¡¡you¡¡

not¡¡¡¡¡¡suppose¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Gods¡¡¡¡¡¡sometimes¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡¡¡¡¡grant¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡¡¡¡¡reject¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

requests¡¡which¡¡we¡¡make¡¡in¡¡public¡¡and¡¡private£»¡¡and¡¡favour¡¡some¡¡persons¡¡

and¡¡not¡¡others£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Certainly¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Do¡¡you¡¡not¡¡imagine£»¡¡then£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡

careful£»¡¡¡¡¡¡lest¡¡¡¡perchance¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡implore¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡for¡¡

himself£»¡¡deeming¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡asking¡¡for¡¡good£»¡¡especially¡¡if¡¡the¡¡Gods¡¡are¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡mood¡¡to¡¡grant¡¡whatever¡¡he¡¡may¡¡request£¿¡¡There¡¡is¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡Oedipus£»¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡instance£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡prayed¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡children¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡divide¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡inheritance¡¡

between¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sword£º¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡might¡¡have¡¡done£»¡¡beg¡¡that¡¡

his¡¡present¡¡evils¡¡might¡¡be¡¡averted£»¡¡but¡¡called¡¡down¡¡new¡¡ones¡£¡¡And¡¡was¡¡not¡¡

his¡¡prayer¡¡accomplished£»¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡many¡¡and¡¡terrible¡¡evils¡¡thence¡¡arise£»¡¡

upon¡¡which¡¡I¡¡need¡¡not¡¡dilate£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Yes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Socrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡speaking¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡madman£º¡¡

surely¡¡you¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡that¡¡any¡¡one¡¡in¡¡his¡¡senses¡¡would¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡make¡¡

such¡¡a¡¡prayer£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Madness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡consider¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡opposite¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

discretion£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Of¡¡course¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡some¡¡men¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡you¡¡to¡¡be¡¡discreet£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡the¡¡

contrary£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡They¡¡do¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Well£»¡¡then£»¡¡let¡¡us¡¡discuss¡¡who¡¡these¡¡are¡£¡¡We¡¡acknowledge¡¡

that¡¡some¡¡are¡¡discreet£»¡¡some¡¡foolish£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡some¡¡are¡¡mad£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡5¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡again£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡some¡¡who¡¡are¡¡in¡¡health£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡There¡¡are¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡While¡¡others¡¡are¡¡ailing£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡the¡¡same£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Certainly¡¡not¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Nor¡¡are¡¡there¡¡any¡¡who¡¡are¡¡in¡¡neither¡¡state£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡No¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡A¡¡man¡¡must¡¡either¡¡be¡¡sick¡¡or¡¡be¡¡well£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡That¡¡is¡¡my¡¡opinion¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Very¡¡good£º¡¡and¡¡do¡¡you¡¡think¡¡the¡¡same¡¡about¡¡discretion¡¡

and¡¡want¡¡of¡¡discretion£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡How¡¡do¡¡you¡¡mean£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Do¡¡you¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡must¡¡be¡¡either¡¡in¡¡or¡¡out¡¡of¡¡his¡¡

senses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡intermediate¡¡¡¡¡¡condition£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

neither¡¡one¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡other£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Decidedly¡¡not¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡He¡¡must¡¡be¡¡either¡¡sane¡¡or¡¡insane£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡So¡¡I¡¡suppose¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Did¡¡you¡¡not¡¡acknowledge¡¡that¡¡madness¡¡was¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡

of¡¡discretion£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡middle¡¡¡¡¡¡term¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡

discretion¡¡and¡¡indiscretion£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡True¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡there¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡two¡¡opposites¡¡to¡¡one¡¡thing£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡There¡¡cannot¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Then¡¡madness¡¡and¡¡want¡¡of¡¡sense¡¡are¡¡the¡¡same£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡That¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡case¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡We¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡right£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡Alcibiades£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡say¡¡

that¡¡all¡¡who¡¡are¡¡senseless¡¡are¡¡mad¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡if¡¡among¡¡persons¡¡of¡¡your¡¡

own¡¡age¡¡or¡¡older¡¡than¡¡yourself¡¡there¡¡are¡¡some¡¡who¡¡are¡¡senseless£»as¡¡there¡¡

certainly¡¡are£»they¡¡are¡¡mad¡£¡¡For¡¡tell¡¡me£»¡¡by¡¡heaven£»¡¡do¡¡you¡¡not¡¡think¡¡that¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡city¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡few£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡foolish£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡mad£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡6¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



many£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡I¡¡do¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡live¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡safety¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡crazy¡¡

people£¿¡¡Should¡¡we¡¡not¡¡long¡¡since¡¡have¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡penalty¡¡at¡¡their¡¡hands£»¡¡and¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡struck¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡beaten¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡endured¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡ill¡­usage¡¡

which¡¡madmen¡¡are¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡inflict£¿¡¡Consider£»¡¡my¡¡dear¡¡friend£º¡¡may¡¡it¡¡not¡¡be¡¡

quite¡¡otherwise£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Why£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡how¡¡is¡¡that¡¡possible£¿¡¡I¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡

mistaken¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡consider¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

matter¡¡thus£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡How£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡I¡¡will¡¡tell¡¡you¡£¡¡We¡¡think¡¡that¡¡some¡¡are¡¡sick£»¡¡do¡¡we¡¡not£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡must¡¡every¡¡sick¡¡person¡¡either¡¡have¡¡the¡¡gout£»¡¡or¡¡be¡¡in¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡fever£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡suffer¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡ophthalmia£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡Or¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡

labour¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡disease£»¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡none¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡

complaints£¿¡¡Surely£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡the¡¡only¡¡maladies¡¡which¡¡exist£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Certainly¡¡not¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡is¡¡every¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡ophthalmia¡¡a¡¡disease£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Yes¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡every¡¡disease¡¡ophthalmia£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Surely¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡scarcely¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡mean¡¡

myself¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Perhaps£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡give¡¡me¡¡your¡¡best¡¡attention£»¡¡'two¡¡of¡¡us'¡¡

looking¡¡together£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡find¡¡what¡¡we¡¡seek¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡I¡¡am¡¡attending£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡my¡¡power¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡We¡¡are¡¡agreed£»¡¡then£»¡¡that¡¡every¡¡form¡¡of¡¡ophthalmia¡¡is¡¡a¡¡

disease£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡every¡¡disease¡¡ophthalmia£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡We¡¡are¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

suffers¡¡from¡¡a¡¡fever¡¡is¡¡sick£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡sick£»¡¡I¡¡conceive£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡all¡¡have¡¡fever¡¡

or¡¡¡¡¡¡gout¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡ophthalmia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡disease£»¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡

according¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡physicians£»¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡require¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡different¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡7¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES¡¡II¡¡



treatment¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡not¡¡all¡¡alike£»¡¡nor¡¡do¡¡they¡¡produce¡¡the¡¡same¡¡result£»¡¡but¡¡

each¡¡has¡¡its¡¡own¡¡effect£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡are¡¡all¡¡diseases¡£¡¡May¡¡we¡¡not¡¡take¡¡an¡¡

illustration¡¡from¡¡the¡¡artizans£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡Certainly¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡cobblers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡carpenters¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡sculptors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

others¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡sorts¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡kinds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡stop¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡enumerate¡£¡¡All¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡distinct¡¡¡¡¡¡employments¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen£»¡¡¡¡although¡¡they¡¡¡¡are¡¡

not¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡cobblers¡¡or¡¡carpenters¡¡or¡¡sculptors¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡No£»¡¡indeed¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡And¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡men¡¡differ¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡want¡¡of¡¡sense¡£¡¡

Those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡wits¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡'madmen£»'¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡term¡¡

those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡gone¡¡¡¡¡¡'stupid'¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡'idiotic£»'¡¡¡¡¡¡or£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡prefer¡¡¡¡¡¡gentler¡¡

language£»¡¡¡¡¡¡describe¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡'romantic'¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡'simple¡­minded£»'¡¡¡¡¡¡or£»¡¡¡¡¡¡again£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

'innocent'¡¡or¡¡'inexperienced'¡¡or¡¡'foolish¡£'¡¡You¡¡may¡¡even¡¡find¡¡other¡¡names£»¡¡if¡¡

you¡¡seek¡¡for¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡sense¡¡is¡¡intended¡£¡¡They¡¡only¡¡

differ¡¡as¡¡one¡¡art¡¡appeared¡¡to¡¡us¡¡to¡¡differ¡¡from¡¡another¡¡or¡¡one¡¡disease¡¡from¡¡

another¡£¡¡Or¡¡what¡¡is¡¡your¡¡opinion£¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ALCIBIADES£º¡¡I¡¡agree¡¡with¡¡you¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCRATES£º¡¡Then¡¡let¡¡us¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡point¡¡at¡¡which¡¡we¡¡digressed¡£¡¡We¡¡

said¡¡at¡¡fir

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨2£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ