战争与和平(上)-第247章

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　in　them　the　aid　and　protection　due　to　misfortune。　These　are　the　measures　which　the　government　has　adopted　to　restore　order　and　alleviate　your　position；　but　to　attain　that　end；　it　is　necessary　that　you　should　unite　your　efforts　with　them；　should　forget；　if　possible；　the　misfortunes　you　have　suffered；　should　look　hopefully　at　a　fate　that　is　not　so　cruel；　should　believe　that　a　shameful　death　inevitably　awaits　those　guilty　of　violence　against　your　persons　or　your　deserted　property；　and　consequently　leaves　no　doubt　that　they　will　be　preserved；　since　such　is　the　will　of　the　greatest　and　most　just　of　monarchs。　Soldiers　and　citizens　of　whatever　nation　you　may　be！　Restore　public　confidence；　the　source　of　the　prosperity　of　a　state；　live　like　brothers；　give　mutual　aid　and　protection　to　one　another；　unite　in　confounding　the　projects　of　the　evil…minded；　obey　the　civil　and　military　authorities；　and　your　tears　will　soon　cease　to　flow。”
On　the　commissariat　side；　Napoleon　issued　orders　for　all　the　troops　to　enter　Moscow　in　turn；　à　la　maraude；　to　gather　supplies　for　themselves；　so　that　in　that　way　the　army　was　provided　with　supplies　for　the　future。
On　the　religious　side；　Napoleon　ordered　the　priests　to　be　brought　back；　and　services　to　be　performed　again　in　the　churches。
With　a　view　to　encouraging　commerce　and　providing　supplies　for　the　troops；　the　following　notice　was　placarded　everywhere：—
“PROCLAMATION。
“You；　peaceable　inhabitants　of　Moscow；　artisans；　and　working　men；　who　have　been　driven　out　of　the　city　by　the　disturbance；　and　you；　scattered　tillers　of　the　soil；　who　are　still　kept　in　the　fields　by　groundless　terror；　hear！　Tranquillity　is　returning　to　this　capital；　and　order　is　being　restored　in　it。　Your　fellow…countrymen　are　coming　boldly　out　of　their　hiding…places；　seeing　that　they　are　treated　with　respect。　Every　act　of　violence　against　them　or　their　property　is　promptly　punished。　His　Majesty　the　Emperor　and　King　protects　them；　and　he　reckons　none　among　you　his　enemies　but　such　as　disobey　his　commands。　He　wishes　to　put　an　end　to　your　trouble；　and　to　bring　you　back　to　your　homes　and　your　families。　Co…operate　with　his　beneficent　designs　and　come　to　us　without　apprehension。　Citizens！　Return　with　confidence　to　your　habitations；　you　will　soon　find　the　means　of　satisfying　your　needs！　Artisans　and　industrious　handicraftsmen！　Return　to　your　employment；　houses；　shops；　and　guards　to　protect　them　are　awaiting　you；　and　you　will　receive　the　payment　due　to　you　for　your　toil！　And　you；　too；　peasants；　come　out　of　the　forests　where　you　have　been　hiding　in　terror；　return　without　fear　to　your　huts　in　secure　reliance　on　finding　protection。　Markets　have　been　established　in　the　city；　where　peasants　can　bring　their　spare　stores　and　country　produce。　The　government　has　taken　the　following　measures　to　secure　freedom　of　sale　for　them：　（1）　From　this　day　forward；　peasants；　husbandmen；　and　inhabitants　of　the　environs　of　Moscow　can；　without　any　danger；　bring　their　goods　of　any　kind　to　two　appointed　markets—namely；　the　Mohovaya　and　the　Ohotny　Ryad。　（2）　Goods　shall　be　bought　from　them　at　such　a　price　as　seller　and　buyer　shall　agree　upon　together；　but　if　the　seller　cannot　get　what　he　asks　for　as　a　fair　price；　he　will　be　at　liberty　to　take　his　goods　back　to　his　village；　and　no　one　can　hinder　his　doing　so　on　any　pretext　whatever。　（3）　Every　Sunday　and　Wednesday　are　fixed　for　weekly　market　days：　to　that　end　a　sufficient　number　of　troops　will　be　stationed　on　Tuesdays　and　Saturdays　along　all　the　high　roads　at　such　a　distance　from　the　town　as　to　protect　the　carts　coming　in。　（4）　Similar　measures　will　be　taken　that　the　peasants　with　their　carts　and　horses　may　meet　with　no　hindrance　on　their　homeward　way。　（5）　Steps　will　be　immediately　taken　to　re…establish　the　ordinary　shops。
“Inhabitants　of　the　city　and　of　the　country；　and　you　workmen　and　handicraftsmen　of　whatever　nationality　you　may　be！　You　are　called　upon　to　carry　out　the　paternal　designs　of　his　majesty　the　Emperor　and　King；　and　to　co…operate　with　him　for　the　public　welfare。　Lay　your　respect　and　confidence　at　his　feet；　and　do　not　delay　to　unite　with　us！”
With　a　view　to　keeping　up　the　spirits　of　the　troops　and　the　people；　reviews　were　continually　being　held；　and　rewards　were　distributed。
The　Emperor　rode　about　the　streets　and　entertained　the　inhabitants；　and　in　spite　of　his　preoccupation　with　affairs　of　state；　visited　in　person　the　theatre　set　up　by　his　orders。
As　regards　philanthropy；　too—the　fairest　jewel　in　the　conqueror’s　crown—Napoleon　did　everything　that　lay　within　him。　On　the　benevolent　institutions　he　ordered　the　inscription　to　be　put　up；　“Maison　de　ma　mère；”　thereby　combining　a　touching　filial　sentiment　with　a　monarch’s　grandeur　of　virtue。　He　visited　the　Foundling　Home；　and　as　he　gave　the　orphans　he　had　saved　his　white　hands　to　kiss；　he　conversed　graciously　with　Tutolmin。　Then；　as　Thiers　eloquently　recounts；　he　ordered　his　soldiers’　pay　to　be　distributed　among　them　in　the　false　Russian　notes　he　had　counterfeited：—
“Reinforcing　the　use　of　these　methods　by　an　act　worthy　of　him　and　of　the　French　army；　he　had　assistance　distributed　to　those　who　had　suffered　loss　from　the　fire。　But　as　provisions　were　too　precious　to　be　given　to　strangers；　mostly　enemies；　Napoleon　preferred　to　furnish　them　with　money　for　them　to　provide　themselves　from　without；　and　ordered　paper　roubles　to　be　distributed　among　them。”
With　a　view　to　maintaining　discipline　in　the　army；　orders　were　continually　being　issued　for　severely　punishing　nonfulfilment　of　military　duty　and　for　putting　an　end　to　pillaging。


Chapter　10
BUT；　strange　to　say；　all　these　arrangements；　these　efforts　and　plans；　which　were　no　whit　inferior　to　those　that　had　been　made　on　similar　occasions　before；　never　touched　the　root　of　the　matter；　like　the　hands　on　the　face　of　a　clock；　when　detached　from　the　mechanism；　they　turned　aimlessly　and　arbitrarily；　without　catching　the　wheels。
The　plan　of　campaign；　that　work　of　genius；　of　which　Thiers　says；　that　his　genius　never　imagined　anything　more　profound；　more　skilful；　and　more　admirable；　and　entering　into　a　polemical　discussion　with　M。　Fenn；　proves　that　the　composition　of　this　work　of　genius　is　to　be　referred；　not　to　the　4th；　but　to　the　15th　of　October—that　plan　never　was　and　never　could　be　put　into　execution；　because　it　had　nothing　in　common　with　the　actual　facts　of　the　position。　The　fortification　of　the　Kremlin；　for　which　it　was　necessary　to　pull　down　la　Mosquée　（as　Napoleon　called　the　church　of　Vassily　the　Blessed）　turned　out　to　be　perfectly　useless。　The　mining　of　the　Kremlin　was　only　of　use　for　carrying　out　the　desire　the　Emperor　expressed　on　leaving　Moscow；　to　blow　up　the　Kremlin；　like　a　child　that　beats　the　floor　against　which　it　has　hurt　itself。　The　pursuit　of　the　Russian　army；　on　which　Napoleon　laid　so　much　stress；　led　to　an　unheard…of　result。　The　French　generals　lost　sight　of　the　sixty　thousand　men　of　the　Russian　army；　and　it　was　only；　in　the　words　of　Thiers；　thanks　to　the　skill；　and　apparently　also　the　genius；　of　Murat　that　they　succeeded　at　last　in　finding；　like　a　lost　pin；　this　army　of　sixty　thousand　men。
On　the　diplomatic　side；　all　Napoleon’s　expositions　of　his　magnanimity　and　justice；　both　to　Tutolmin　and　to　Yakovlev　（the　latter　was　principally　interested　in　finding　himself　a　great…coat　and　a　conveyance　for　travelling）　turned　out　to　be　fruitless。　Alexander　would　not　receive　these　envoys；　and　made　no　reply　to　the　message　they　brought。
On　the　side　of　law；　of　order；　after　the　execution　of　the　supposed　incendiaries；　the　other　half　of　Moscow　was　burnt　down。
The　establishment　of　a　municipal　council　did　not　check　pillage；　and　was　no　benefit　to　any　one　but　the　few　persons；　who　were　members　of　it；　and　were　able　on　the　pretext　of　preserving　order　to　plunder　Moscow　on　their　own　account；　or　to　save　their　own　property　from　being　plundered。
On　the　religious　side；　the　difficulty　had　so　easily　been　settled　by　Napoleon’s　visit　to　a　mosque　in　Egypt；　but　here　similar　measures　led　to　no　results　whatever。　Two　or　three　priests；　picked　up　in　Moscow；　did　attempt　to　carry　out　Napoleon’s　desire；　but　one　of　them　was　slapped　in　the　face　by　a　French　soldier　during　the　service；　and　in　regard　to　the　other；　the　following　report　was　made　by　a　French　official：　“The　priest；　whom　I　had　discovered　and　invited　to　resume　saying　the　Mass；　cleaned　and　closed　the　church。　In　the　night　they　came　again　to　break　in　the　doors；　break　the　padlocks；　tear　the　books；　and　commit　other　disorders。”
As　for　the　encouragement　of　commerce；　the　proclamation　to　“industrious　artisans　and　peasants；”　met　with　no　response　at　all。　Industrious　artisans　there　were　none　in　Moscow；　and　the　peasants　set　upon　the　messengers　who　ventured　too　far　from　the　town　with　this　proclamation　and　killed　them。
The　attempts　to　entertain　the　people　and　the　troops　with　theatres　were　equally　unsuccessful。　The　theatres　set　up　in　the　Kremlin　and　Poznyakov’s　house　were　closed　again　immediately；　because　the　actors　and　actresses　were　stripped　of　their　belongings　by　the　soldiers。
Even　philanthropy　did　not　bring　the　desired　results。　Moscow　was　full　of　paper　money；　genuine　and　counterfeit；　and　the　notes　had　no　value。　The　French；　accumulating　booty；　cared　for　nothing　but　gold。　The　counterfeit　notes；　which　Napoleon　so　generously　bestowed　on　the　unfortunate；　were　of　no　value；　and　even　silver　fell　below　its　standard　value　in　relation　to　gold。
But　the　most　striking　example　of　the　ineffectiveness　of　all　efforts　made　by　the　authorities　was　Napoleon’s　vain　endeavour　to　check　plunder；　and　to　maintain　discipline。
Here　are　reports　sent　in　by　the　military　authorities：
“Pillage　continues　in　the　city；　in　spite　of　the　orders　to　stop　it。　Order　is　not　yet　restored；　and　there　is　not　a　single　merchant　carrying　on　trade　in　a　lawful　fashion。　But　the　canteen…keepers　permit　themselves　to　sell　the　fruits　of　pillage。
“Part　of　my　district　continues　to　be　a　prey　to　the　pillaging　of　the　soldiers　of　the　3rd　corps　who；　not　satisfied　with　tearing　from　the　poor　wretches；　who　have　taken　refuge　in　the　underground　cellars；　the　little　they　have　left；　have　even　the　ferocity　to　wound　them　with　sword…cuts；　as　I　have　seen　in　several　instances。
“Nothing　new；　but　that　the　soldiers　give　themselves　up　to　robbery　and　plunder。　October　9th。
“Robbery　and　pillage　continue。　There　is　a　band　of　robbers　in　our　district；　which　would　need　strong　guards　to　arrest　it。　October　11th。
“The　Emperor　is　exceedingly　displeased　that；　in　spite　of　the　strict　orders　to　stop　pillage；　bands　of　marauders　from　the　guards　are　continually　returning　to　the　Kremlin。　In　the　Old　Guards；　the　disorder　and　pillaging　have　been　more　violent　than　ever　last　night　and　to…day。　The　Emperor　sees；　with　regret；　that　the　picked　soldiers；　appointed　to　guard　his　person；　who　should　set　an　example　to　the　rest；　are　losing　discipline　to　such　a　degree　as　to　break　into　the　cellars　and　stores　prepared　for　the　army。　Others　are　so　degraded　that　they　refuse　to　obey　sentinels　and　officers　on　guard；　abuse　them；　and　strike　them。
“The　chief　marshal　of　the　palace　complains　bitterly　that；　in　spite　of　repeated　prohibitions；　the　soldiers　continue　to　commit　nuisances　in　all　the　courtyards；　and　even　before　the　Emperor’s　own　windows。”
The　army；　like　a　herd　of　cattle　run　wild；　and　trampling　und