memoirs of general william t. sherman-1-第14章
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。 All the missions and houses at that period were alive with fleas； which the natives looked on as pleasant titillators； but they so tortured me that I always gave them a wide berth； and slept on a saddle…blanket； with the saddle for a pillow and the serape； or blanket； for a cover。 We never feared rain except in winter。 As the spring and summer of 1848 advanced； the reports came faster and faster from the gold…mines at Sutter's saw…mill。 Stories reached us of fabulous discoveries； and spread throughout the land。 Everybody was talking of 〃Gold！ gold！〃 until it assumed the character of a fever。 Some of our soldiers began to desert； citizens were fitting out trains of wagons and packmules to go to the mines。 We heard of men earning fifty； five hundred； and thousands of dollars per day； and for a time it seemed as though somebody would reach solid gold。 Some of this gold began to come to Yerba Buena in trade； and to disturb the value of merchandise； particularly of mules； horses； tin pans； and articles used in mining： I of course could not escape the infection； and at last convinced Colonel Mason that it was our duty to go up and see with our own eyes； that we might report the truth to our Government。 As yet we had no regular mail to any part of the United States； but mails had come to us at long intervals； around Cape Horn； and one or two overland。 I well remember the first overland mail。 It was brought by Kit Carson in saddle…bags from Taos in New Mexico。 We heard of his arrival at Los Angeles； and waited patiently for his arrival at headquarters。 His fame then was at its height； from the publication of Fremont's books； and I was very anxious to see a man who had achieved such feats of daring among the wild animals of the Rocky Mountains； and still wilder Indians of the Plains。 At last his arrival was reported at the tavern at Monterey； and I hurried to hunt him up。 I cannot express my surprise at beholding a small； stoop…shouldered man； with reddish hair； freckled face； soft blue eyes； and nothing to indicate extraordinary courage or daring。 He spoke but little； and answered questions in monosyllables。 I asked for his mail； and he picked up his light saddle…bags containing the great overland mail； and we walked together to headquarters； where he delivered his parcel into Colonel Mason's own hands。 He spent some days in Monterey； during which time we extracted with difficulty some items of his personal history。 He was then by commission a lieutenant in the regiment of Mounted Rifles serving in Mexico under Colonel Sumner； and； as he could not reach his regiment from California； Colonel Mason ordered that for a time he should be assigned to duty with A。 J。 Smith's company； First Dragoons； at Los Angeles。 He remained at Los Angeles some months； and was then sent back to the United Staten with dispatches； traveling two thousand miles almost alone； in preference to being encumbered by a large party。
Toward the close of June； 1848； the gold…fever being at its height； by Colonel Mason's orders I made preparations for his trip to the newly…discovered gold…mines at Sutter's Fort。 I selected four good soldiers； with Aaron； Colonel Mason's black servant； and a good outfit of horses and pack…mules； we started by the usually traveled route for Yerba Buena。 There Captain Fulsom and two citizens joined our party。 The first difficulty was to cross the bay to Saucelito。 Folsom； as quartermaster； had a sort of scow with a large sail； with which to discharge the cargoes of ships； that could not come within a mile of the shore。 It took nearly the whole day to get the old scow up to the only wharf there； and then the water was so shallow that the scow； with its load of horses； would not float at the first high tide； but by infinite labor on the next tide she was got off and safely crossed over to Saucelito。 We followed in a more comfortable schooner。 Having safely landed our horses and mules； we picked up and rode to San Rafael Mission； stopping with Don Timoteo Murphy。 The next day's journey took us to Bodega； where lived a man named Stephen Smith； who had the only steam saw…mill in California。 He had a Peruvian wife； and employed a number of absolutely naked Indians in making adobes。 We spent a day very pleasantly with him； and learned that he had come to California some years before； at the personal advice of Daniel Webster； who had informed him that sooner or later the United States would be in possession of California； and that in consequence it would become a great country。 From Bodega we traveled to Sonoma； by way of Petaluma； and spent a day with General Vallejo。 I had been there before； as related； in the business of the alcalde Nash。 From Sonoma we crossed over by way of Napa； Suisun； and Vaca's ranch； to the Puta。 In the rainy season； the plain between the Puta and Sacramento Rivers is impassable； but in July the waters dry up； and we passed without trouble； by the trail for Sutter's Embarcadero。 We reached the Sacramento River； then full of water； with a deep； clear current。 The only means of crossing over was by an Indian dugout canoe。 We began by carrying across our packs and saddles； and then our people。 When all things were ready； the horses were driven into the water； one being guided ahead by a man in the canoe。 Of course； the horses and mules at first refused to take to the water； and it was nearly a day's work to get them across； and even then some of our animals after crossing escaped into the woods and undergrowth that lined the river； but we secured enough of them to reach Sutter's Fort； three miles back from the embcarcadero； where we encamped at the old slough； or pond； near the fort。 On application； Captain Butter sent some Indians back into the bushes； who recovered and brought in all our animals。 At that time there was not the sign of a habitation there or thereabouts； except the fort； and an old adobe…house； east of the fort； known as the hospital。 The fort itself was one of adobe…walls； about twenty feet high； rectangular in form； with two…story block houses at diagonal corners。 The entrance was by a large gate； open by day and closed at night； with two iron ship's guns near at hand。 Inside there was a large house； with a good shingle…roof； used as a storehouse； and all round the walls were ranged rooms； the fort wall being the outer wall of the house。 The inner wall also was of adobe。 These rooms were used by Captain Sutter himself and by his people。 He had a blacksmith's shop； carpenter's shop； etc。； and other rooms where the women made blankets。 Sutter was monarch of all he surveyed； and had authority to inflict punishment even unto death； a power he did not fail to use。 He had horses； cattle； and sheep； and of these he gave liberally and without price to all in need。 He caused to be driven into our camp a beef and some sheep； which were slaughtered for our use。 Already the goldmines were beginning to be felt。 Many people were then encamped； some going and some coming； all full of gold…stories； and each surpassing the other。 We found preparations in progress for celebrating the Fourth of July； then close at hand； and we agreed to remain over to assist on the occasion； of course； being the high officials； we were the honored guests。 People came from a great distance to attend this celebration of the Fourth of July； and the tables were laid in the large room inside the storehouse of the fort。 A man of some note； named Sinclair； presided； and after a substantial meal and a reasonable supply of aguardiente we began the toasts。 All that I remember is that Folsom and I spoke for our party； others； Captain Sutter included； made speeches； and before the celebration was over Sutter was enthusiastic； and many others showed the effects of the aguardiente。 The next day （namely； July 5； 1848） we resumed our journey toward the mines； and； in twenty…five miles of as hot and dusty a ride as possible； we reached Mormon Island。 I have heretofore stated that the gold was first found in the tail…race of the stew…mill at Coloma； forty miles above Sutter's Fort； or fifteen above Mormon Island； in the bed of the American Fork of the Sacramento River。 It seems that Sutter had employed an American named Marshall； a sort of millwright； to do this work for him； but Marshall afterward claimed that in the matter of the saw…mill they were copartners。 At all events； Marshall and the family of Mr。 Wimmer were living at Coloma； where the pine…trees afforded the best material for lumber。 He had under him four white men； Mormons； who had been discharged from Cooke's battalion； and some Indians。 These were engaged in hewing logs； building a mill…dam； and putting up a saw…mill。 Marshall； as the architect； had made the 〃tub…wheel；〃 and had set it in motion； and had also furnished some of the rude parts of machinery necessary for an ordinary up…and…down saw…mill。
Labor was very scarce； expensive； and had to be economized。 The mill was built over a dry channel of the river which was calculated to be the tail…race。 After arranging his head…race； dam and tub…wheel； he let on the water to test the goodness of his machinery。 It worked very well until it was found that the tail…race did not carry off the water fast enough； so he put his men to work in a rude way to clear out the tail…race。 They scratched a kind of ditch down the middle of the dry channel； throwing the coarser stones to one side； then； letting on the water again； it would run with velocity down the channel； washing away the dirt； thus saving labor。 This course of action was repeated several times； acting exactly like the long Tom afterward resorted to by the miners。 As Marshall himself was work ing in this ditch； he observed particles of yellow metal which he gathered up in his hand； when it seemed to have suddenly flashed across his mind that it was gold。 After picking up about an ounce； he hurried down to the fort to report to Captain Sutter his discovery。 Captain Sutter himself related to me Marshall's account； saying that； as he sat in his room at the fort one day in February or March； 1848； a knock was heard at his door； and he called out； 〃Come in。〃 In walked Marshall； who was a half…crazy man at best； but then looked strangely wild。〃 〃What is the matter； Marshall！〃 Marshall inquired if any one was within hearing； and began to peer about the room； and look under the bed； when Sutter； fearing that some calamity had befallen the party up at the saw…mill； and that Marshall was really crazy； began to make his way to the door； demanding of Marshall to explain what was the matter。 At last he revealed his discovery； and laid before Captain Sutter the pellicles of gold he had picked up in the ditch。 At first； Sutter attached little or no importance to the discovery； and told Marshall to go back to the mill； and say nothing of what he had seen to Mr。 Wimmer； or any one else。 Yet； as it might add value to the location； he dispatched to our headquarters at Monterey； as I have already related； the two men with a written application for a preemption to the quarter…section of land at Coloma。 Marshall returned to the mill； but could not keep out of his wonderful ditch； and by some means the other men employed there learned his secret。 The
