memoirs of general william t. sherman-1-第57章
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On the 6th of September； at Memphis； I received an order from General Grant dated the 2d； to send Hurlbut's division to Brownsville； in the direction of Bolivar； thence to report by letter to him at Jackson。 The division started the same day； and； as our men and officers had been together side by side from the first landing at Shiloh； we felt the parting like the breaking up of a family。 But General Grant was forced to use every man； for he knew well that Van Dorn could attack him at pleasure； at any point of his long line。 To be the better prepared； on the 23d of September he took post himself at Jackson； Tennessee； with a small reserve force； and gave Rosecrans command of Corinth； with his three divisions and some detachments； aggregating about twenty thousand men。 He posted General Ord with his own and Hurlbut'a divisions at Bolivar； with outposts toward Grand Junction and Lagrange。 These amounted to nine or ten thousand men； and I held Memphis with my own division； amounting to about six thousand men。 The whole of General Grant's men at that time may have aggregated fifty thousand； but he had to defend a frontage of a hundred and fifty miles； guard some two hundred miles of railway； and as much river。 Van Dom had forty thousand men； united； at perfect liberty to move in any direction； and to choose his own point of attack； under cover of woods； and a superior body of cavalry； familiar with every foot of the ground。 Therefore General Grant had good reason for telegraphing to General Halleck； on the 1st of October； that his position was precarious； 〃but I hope to get out of it all right。〃 In Memphis my business was to hold fast that important flank； and by that date Fort Dickering had been made very strong； and capable of perfect defense by a single brigade。 I therefore endeavored by excursions to threaten Van Dorn's detachments to the southeast and east。 I repeatedly sent out strong detachments toward Holly Springs； which was his main depot of supply； and General Grierson； with his Sixth Illinois； the only cavalry I had； made some bold and successful dashes at the Coldwater； compelling Van Dorn to cover it by Armstrong's whole division of cavalry。 Still； by the 1st of October； General Grant was satisfied that the enemy was meditating an attack in force on Bolivar or Corinth； and on the 2d Van Dorn made his appearance near Corinth； with his entire army。 On the 3d he moved down on that place from the north and northwest； General Roseerana went out some four miles to meet him； but was worsted and compelled to fall back within the line of his forts。 These had been began under General Halleck； but were much strengthened by General Grant； and consisted of several detached redoubts； bearing on each other； and inclosing the town and the depots of stores at the intersection of the two railroads。 Van Dorn closed down on the forts by the evening of the 3d； and on the morning of the 4th assaulted with great vehemence。 Our men； covered by good parapets； fought gallantly； and defended their posts well； inflicting terrible losses on the enemy； so that by noon the rebels were repulsed at all points； and drew off； leaving their dead and wounded in our hands。 Their losses； were variously estimated； but the whole truth will probably never be known； for in that army reports and returns were not the fashion。 General Rosecrans admitted his own loss to be three hundred and fifteen killed； eighteen hundred and twelve wounded； and two hundred and thirty…two missing or prisoners； and claimed on the part of the rebels fourteen hundred and twenty…three dead； two thousand and twenty…five prisoners and wounded。 Of course； most of the wounded must have gone off or been carried off； so that； beyond doubt； the rebel army lost at Corinth fully six thousand men。
Meantime； General Grant； at Jackson； had dispatched Brigadier… General McPherson； with a brigade； directly for Corinth； which reached General Rosecrans after the battle； and； in anticipation of his victory； had ordered him to pursue instantly； notifying him that he had ordered Ord's and Hurlbut's divisions rapidly across to Pocahontas； so as to strike the rebels in flank。 On the morning of the 5th； General Ord reached the Hatchie River； at Davies bridge； with four thousand men； crossed over and encountered the retreating army； captured a battery and several hundred prisoners； dispersing the rebel advance； and forcing the main column to make a wide circuit by the south in order to cross the Hatchie River。 Had General Rosecrans pursued promptly； and been on the heels of this mass of confused and routed men； Van Dorn's army would surely have been utterly ruined； as it was； Van Dom regained Holly Springs somewhat demoralized。
General Rosecrans did not begin his pursuit till the next morning； the 5th； and it was then too late。 General Grant was again displeased with him； and never became fully reconciled。 General Rosecrans was soon after relieved； and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland； in Tennessee； of which he afterward obtained the command； in place of General Buell； who was removed。
The effect of the battle of Corinth was very great。 It was； indeed； a decisive blow to the Confederate cause in our quarter； and changed the whole aspect of affairs in West Tennessee。 From the timid defensive we were at once enabled to assume the bold offensive。 In Memphis I could see its effects upon the citizens； and they openly admitted that their cause had sustained a death…blow。 But the rebel government was then at its maximum strength； Van Dorn was reenforced； and very soon Lieutenant…General J。 C。 Pemberton arrived and assumed the command； adopting for his line the Tallahatchie River； with an advance…guard along the Coldwater； and smaller detachments forward at Grand Junction and Hernando。 General Grant； in like manner； was reenforced by new regiments。
Out of those which were assigned to Memphis； I organized two new brigades； and placed them under officers who had gained skill and experience during the previous campaign。
CHAPTER XII。
MEMPHIS TO ARKANSAS POST。
JULY； 1882； TO JANUARY； 1883
When we first entered Memphis； July 21；1862； I found the place dead； no business doing； the stores closed； churches； schools； and every thing shut up。 The people were all more or less in sympathy with our enemies； and there was a strong prospect that the whole civil population would become a dead weight on our hands。 Inasmuch as the Mississippi River was then in our possession northward； and steamboats were freely plying with passengers and freight； I caused all the stores to be opened； churches； schools； theatres； and places of amusement； to be reestablished； and very soon Memphis resumed its appearance of an active； busy； prosperous place。 I also restored the mayor （whose name was Parks） and the city government to the performance of their public functions； and required them to maintain a good civil police。
Up to that date neither Congress nor the President had made any clear； well…defined rules touching the negro slaves； and the different generals had issued orders according to their own political sentiments。 Both Generals Halleck and Grant regarded the slave as still a slave； only that the labor of the slave belonged to his owner； if faithful to the Union； or to the United States； if the master had taken up arms against the Government； or adhered to the fortunes of the rebellion。 Therefore； in Memphis； we received all fugitives； put them to work on the fortifications； supplied them with food and clothing； and reserved the question of payment of wages for future decision。 No force was allowed to be used to restore a fugitive slave to his master in any event； but if the master proved his loyalty； he was usually permitted to see his slave； and； if he could persuade him to return home； it was permitted。 Cotton； also； was a fruitful subject of controversy。 The Secretary of the Treasury； Mr。 Chase； was extremely anxious at that particular time to promote the purchase of cotton； because each bale was worth； in gold； about three hundred dollars； and answered the purpose of coin in our foreign exchanges。 He therefore encouraged the trade； so that hundreds of greedy speculators flocked down the Mississippi； and resorted to all sorts of measures to obtain cotton from the interior； often purchasing it from negroes who did not own it； but who knew where it was concealed。 This whole business was taken from the jurisdiction of the military； and committed to Treasury agents appointed by Mr。 Chase。
Other questions absorbed the attention of military commanders； and by way of illustration I here insert a few letters from my 〃letter…book；〃 which contains hundreds on similar subjects：
HEADQUARTERS FIFTH DIVISION Memphis； Tennessee； August 11； 1862
Hon。 S。 P。 CHASE； Secretary of the Treasury。
Sir： Your letter of August 2d； just received； invites my discussion of the cotton question。
I will write plainly and slowly； because I know you have no time to listen to trifles。 This is no trifle； when one nation is at war with another； all the people of the one are enemies of the other： then the rules are plain and easy of understanding。 Most unfortunately； the war in which we are now engaged has been complicated with the belief on the one hand that all on the other are not enemies。 It would have been better if； at the outset； this mistake had not been made； and it is wrong longer to be misled by it。 The Government of the United States may now safely proceed on the proper rule that all in the South are enemies of all in the North； and not only are they unfriendly； but all who can procure arms now bear them as organized regiments； or as guerrillas。 There is not a garrison in Tennessee where a man can go beyond the sight of the flag…staff without being shot or captured。 It so happened that these people had cotton； and； whenever they apprehended our large armies would move； they destroyed the cotton in the belief that； of course； we world seize it； and convert it to our use。 They did not and could not dream that we would pay money for it。 It had been condemned to destruction by their own acknowledged government； and was therefore lost to their people； and could have been； without injustice； taken by us； and sent away； either as absolute prize of war； or for future compensation。 But the commercial enterprise of the Jews soon discovered that ten cents would buy a pound of cotton behind our army； that four cents would take it to Boston； where they could receive thirty cents in gold。 The bait was too tempting； and it spread like fire； when here they discovered that salt； bacon； powder； fire…arms； percussion…caps； etc。； etc。； were worth as much as gold； and； strange to say； this traffic was not only permitted； but encouraged。 Before we in the interior could know it； hundreds； yea thousands of barrels of salt and millions of dollars had been disbursed； and I have no doubt that Bragg's army at Tupelo； and Van Dorn's at Vicksburg； received enough salt to make bacon； without which they could not have moved their armies in mass； and that from ten to twenty thousand fresh arms； and a due supply of cartridges； have also been got； I am equally satisfied。 As soon as I got to Memphis； having seen
