the fathers of the constitution-第25章

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　United　States。　SECTION。　4。　The　President；　Vice　President　and　all　civil　Officers　of　the　United　States；　shall　be　removed　from　Office　on　Impeachment　for；　and　Conviction　of；　Treason；　Bribery；　or　other　high　Crimes　and　Misdemeanors。　ARTICLE　III。　SECTION。　1。　The　judicial　Power　of　the　United　States；　shall　be　vested　in　one　supreme　Court；　and　in　such　inferior　Courts　as　the　Congress　may　from　time　to　time　ordain　and　establish。　The　Judges；　both　of　the　supreme　and　inferior　Courts；　shall　hold　their　Offices　during　good　Behaviour；　and　shall；　at　stated　Times；　receive　for　their　Services；　a　Compensation；　which　shall　not　be　diminished　during　their　Continuance　in　Office。　SECTION。　2。　1。　The　judicial　Power　shall　extend　to　all　Cases；　in　Law　and　Equity；　arising　under　this　Constitution；　the　Laws　of　the　United　States；　and　Treaties　made；　or　which　shall　be　made；　under　their　Authority；to　all　Cases　affecting　Ambassadors；　other　public　Ministers　and　Consuls；to　all　Cases　of　admiralty　and　maritime　Jurisdiction；to　Controversies　to　which　the　United　States　shall　be　a　Party；to　Controversies　between　two　or　more　States；between　a　State　and　Citizens　of　another　State　between　Citizens　of　different　States；between　Citizens　of　the　same　State　claiming　Lands　under　Grants　of　different　States；　and　between　a　State；　or　the　Citizens　thereof；　and　foreign　States；　Citizens　or　Subjects；　2。　In　all　Cases　affecting　Ambassadors；　other　public　Ministers　and　Consuls；　and　those　in　which　a　State　shall　be　Party；　the　supreme　Court　shall　have　original　Jurisdiction。　In　all　the　other　Cases　before　mentioned；　the　supreme　Court　shall　have　appellate　Jurisdiction；　both　as　to　Law　and　Fact；　with　such　Exceptions；　and　under　such　Regulations　as　the　Congress　shall　make。　3。　The　Trial　of　all　Crimes；　except　in　Cases　of　Impeachment；　shall　be　by　Jury；　and　such　Trial　shall　be　held　in　the　State　where　the　said　Crimes　shall　have　been　committed；　but　when　not　committed　within　any　State；　the　Trial　shall　be　at　such　Place　or　Places　as　the　Congress　may　by　Law　have　directed。　SECTION。　3。　1。　Treason　against　the　United　States；　shall　consist　only　in　levying　War　against　them；　or　in　adhering　to　their　Enemies；　giving　them　Aid　and　Comfort。　No　Person　shall　be　convicted　of　Treason　unless　on　the　Testimony　of　two　Witnesses　to　the　same　overt　Act；　or　on　Confession　in　open　Court。　2。　The　Congress　shall　have　Power　to　declare　the　Punishment　of　Treason；　but　no　Attainder　of　Treason　shall　work　Corruption　of　Blood；　or　Forfeiture　except　during　the　Life　of　the　Person　attainted。　ARTICLE　IV。　SECTION。　1。　Full　Faith　and　Credit　shall　be　given　in　each　State　to　the　public　Acts；　Records；　and　judicial　Proceedings　of　every　other　State。　And　the　Congress　may　by　general　Laws　prescribe　the　Manner　in　which　such　Acts；　Records　and　Proceedings　shall　be　proved；　and　the　Effect　thereof。　SECTION。　2。　1。　The　Citizens　of　each　State　shall　be　entitled　to　all　Privileges　and　Immunities　of　Citizens　in　the　several　States。　2。　A　person　charged　in　any　State　with　Treason；　Felony；　or　other　Crime；　who　shall　flee　from　Justice；　and　be　found　in　another　State；　shall　on　Demand　of　the　Executive　Authority　of　the　State　from　which　he　fled；　be　delivered　up　to　be　removed　to　the　State　having　jurisdiction　of　the　Crime。　3。　No　Person　held　to　Service　or　Labour　in　one　State；　under　the　Laws　thereof；　escaping　into　another；　shall；　in　Consequence　of　any　Law　or　Regulation　therein；　be　discharged　from　such　Service　or　Labour；　but　shall　be　delivered　up　on　Claim　of　the　Party　to　whom　such　Service　or　Labour　may　be　due。　SECTION。　3。　1。　New　States　may　be　admitted　by　the　Congress　into　this　Union；　but　no　new　State　shall　be　formed　or　erected　within　the　Jurisdiction　of　any　other　State；　nor　any　State　be　formed　by　the　Junction　of　two　or　more　States；　or　Parts　of　States；　without　the　Consent　of　the　Legislature　of　the　States　concerned　as　well　as　of　the　Congress。　2。　The　Congress　shall　have　Power　to　dispose　of　and　make　all　needful　Rules　and　Regulations　respecting　the　Territory　or　other　Property　belonging　to　the　United　States；　and　nothing　in　this　Constitution　shall　be　so　construed　as　to　Prejudice　any　Claims　of　the　United　States；　or　of　any　particular　State。　SECTION　4。　The　United　States　shall　guarantee　to　every　State　in　this　Union　a　Republican　Form　of　Government；　and　shall　protect　each　of　them　against　Invasion；　and　on　Application　of　the　Legislature；　or　of　the　Executive　（when　the　Legislature　cannot　be　convened）　against　domestic　Violence。　ARTICLE　V。　The　Congress；　whenever　two　thirds　of　both　Houses　shall　deem　it　necessary；　shall　propose　Amendments　to　this　Constitution；　or；　on　the　Application　of　the　Legislatures　of　two　thirds　of　the　several　States；　shall　call　a　Convention　for　proposing　Amendments；　which；　in　either　Case；　shall　be　valid　to　all　Intents　and　Purposes；　as　Part　of　this　Constitution；　when　ratified　by　the　Legislatures　of　three　fourths　of　the　several　States；　or　by　Conventions　in　three　fourths　thereof；　as　the　one　or　the　other　Mode　of　Ratification　may　be　proposed　by　the　Congress；　Provided　that　no　Amendment　which　may　be　made　prior　to　the　Year　One　thousand　eight　hundred　and　eight　shall　in　any　Manner　affect　the　first　and　fourth　Clauses　in　the　Ninth　Section　of　the　first　Article；　and　that　no　State；　without　its　Consent；　shall　be　deprived　of　its　equal　Suffrage　in　the　Senate。　ARTICLE。　VI。　1。　All　Debts　contracted　and　Engagements　entered　into；　before　the　Adoption　of　this　Constitution；　shall　be　as　valid　against　the　United　States　under　this　Constitution；　as　under　the　Confederation。　2。　This　Constitution；　and　the　Laws　of　the　United　States　which　shall　be　made　in　Pursuance　thereof；　and　all　Treaties　made；　or　which　shall　be　made；　under　the　Authority　of　the　United　States；　shall　be　the　supreme　Law　of　the　Land；　and　the　Judges　in　every　State　shall　be　bound　thereby；　any　Thing　in　the　Constitution　or　Laws　of　any　States　to　the　Contrary　notwithstanding。　3。　The　Senators　and　Representatives　before　mentioned；　and　the　Members　of　the　several　State　Legislatures；　and　all　executive　and　judicial　Officers；　both　of　the　United　States　and　of　the　several　States；　shall　be　bound　by　Oath　or　Affirmation；　to　support　this　Constitution；　but　no　religious　Test　shall　ever　be　required　as　a　Qualification　to　any　Office　or　public　Trust　under　the　United　States。　ARTICLE　VII。　The　Ratification　of　the　Conventions　of　nine　States；　shall　be　sufficient　for　the　Establishment　of　this　Constitution　between　the　States　so　ratifying　the　Same。　DONE　in　Convention　by　the　Unanimous　Consent　of　the　States　present　the　Seventeenth　Day　of　September　in　the　Year　of　our　Lord　one　thousand　seven　hundred　and　Eighty　seven；　and　of　the　Independance　of　the　United　States　of　America　the　Twelfth　In　Witness　whereof　We　have　hereunto　subscribed　our　Names；　GO：　WASHINGTONPresidt。　and　Deputy　from　Virginia。　New　Hampshire。　JOHN　LANGDON；　NICHOLAS　GILMAN　Massachusetts。　NATHANIEL　GORHAM；　RUFUS　KING　Connecticut。　WM。　SAML。　JOHNSON；　ROGER　SHERMAN　New　York。　ALEXANDER　HAMILTON　New　Jersey。　WIL：　LIVINGSTON；　DAVID　BREARLEY；　WM。　PATERSON；　JONA：　DAYTON　Pennsylvania。　B。　FRANKLIN；　THOMAS　MIFFLIN；　ROBT。　MORRIS；　GEO。　CLYMER；　THOS。　FITZSIMONS；　JARED　INGERSOLL；　JAMES　WILSON；　GOUV　MORRIS　Delaware。　GEO：　READ；　GUNNING　BEDFORD　JUN；　JOHN　DICKINSON；　RICHARD　BASSETT；　JACO：　BROOM　Maryland。　JAMES　MCHENRY；　DAN　OF　ST　THOS　JENIFER；　DANL。　CARROLL　Virginia。　JOHN　BLAIR　JAMES　MADISON　JR。　North　Carolina。　WM。　BLOUNT；　RICHD。　DOBBS　SPAIGHT；　HU　WILLIAMSON　South　Carolina。　J。　RUTLEDGE；　CHARLES　COTESWORTH　PINCKNEY；　CHARLES　PINCKNEY；　PIERCE　BUTLER　Georgia。　WILLIAM　FEW；　ABR　BALDWIN　Attest　　WILLIAM　JACKSON　Secretary　BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE　There　are　many　comprehensive　histories　which　include　the　period　covered　by　the　present　volume；　of　which　a　fewwithout　disparaging　the　otherare　deserving　of　mention　for　some　particular　reason。　David　Ramsay's　〃History　of　the　American　Revolution；〃　2　vols。　（1789；　and　subsequently　reprinted）；　gives　but　little　space　to　this　particular　period；　but　it　reveals　the　contemporary　point　of　view。　Richard　Hildreth's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　6　vols。　（1849…1852）；　is　another　early　work　that　is　still　of　value；　although　it　is　written　with　a　Federalist　bias。　J。　B。　McMaster's　〃History　of　the　People　of　the　United　States　from　the　Revolution　to　the　Civil　War；〃　8　vols。　（1883…1913）；　presents　a　kaleidoscopic　series　of　pictures　gathered　largely　from　contemporary　newspapers；　throwing　light　upon；　and　adding　color　to　the　story。　E。　M。　Avery's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　of　which　seven　volumes　have　been　published　（1904…1910）；　is　remarkable　for　its　illustrations　and　reproductions　of　prints；　documents；　and　maps。　Edward　Channing's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　of　which　four　volumes　have　appeared　（1905…1917）；　is　the　latest；　most　readable；　and　probably　the　best　of　these　comprehensive　histories。　Although　it　was　subsequently　published　as　Volume　VI　in　a　revised　edition　of　his　〃History　of　the　United　States　of　America；〃　George　Bancroft's　〃History　of　the　Formation　of　the　Constitution；〃　2　vols。　（1882）；　is　really　a　separate　work。　The　author　appears　at　his　best　in　these　volumes　and　has　never　been　entirely　superseded　by　later　writers。　G。　T。　Curtis's　〃History　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States；　〃2　vols。　（1854）；　which　also　subsequently　appeared　as　Volume　I　of　his　〃Constitutional　History　of　the　United　States；〃　is　one　of　the　standard　works；　but　does　not　retain　quite　the　same　hold　that　Bancroft's　volumes　do。　Of　the　special　works　more　nearly　covering　the　same　field　as　the　present　volume；　A。　C。　McLaughlin's　〃The　Confederation　and　the　Constitution〃　（1905）；　in　the　〃American　Nation；〃　is　distinctly　the　best。　John　Fiske's　〃Critical　Period　of　American　History〃　（1888）；　written　with　the　clearness　of　presentation　and　charm　of　style　which　are　characteristic　of　the　author；　is　an　interesting　and　readable　comprehensive　account。　Richard　Frothingham's　〃Rise　of　the　Republic　of　the　United　States〃　（1872；　6th　ed。1895）；　tracing　the　two　ideas　of　local　self…government　and　of　union；　begins　with　early　colonial　times　and　culminates　in　the　Constitution。　The　treaty　of　peace　opens　up　the　whole　field　of　diplomatic　history；　which　has　a　bibliography　of　its　own。　But　E。　S。　Corwin's　〃French　Policy　and　the　American　Alliance〃　（1916）　should　be　mentioned　as　the　latest　and　best　work；　although　it　lays　more　stress　upon　the　phases　indicated　by　the　title。　C。　H。　Van　Tyne's　〃Loyalists　in　the　American　Revolution〃　（1902）　remains　the　standard　work　on　this　subject；　but　special　studies　are　appearing　from　time　to　time　which　are　changing　our　point　of　view。　The　following　books　on　economic　and　industrial　aspects　are　not　for　popular　reading；　but　are　rather　for　reference：　E。　R。　Johnson　et　al。；　〃History　of　the　Domestic　and　Foreign　Commerce　of　the　United　States〃　2　vols。　（1915）；　V。　S。　Clark；　〃History　of　the　Manufactures　of　the　United　States；　1607…1860〃　（1916）。　G。　S。　Callender　has　written　short　introductions　to　the　various　chapters　of　his　〃Selections　from　the　Economic　History　of　the　United　States〃　（1909）；　which　are　brilliant　interpretations　of　great　value。　P。　J。　Treat's　〃The　National　Land　System；　1785…1820〃　（1910）；　gives　the　most　satisfactory　account　of　the　subject　indicated　by　the　title。　Of　entirely　different　character　is　Theodore　Roosevelt's　〃Winning　of　the　West；〃　4　vols。　（1889…96；　published　subsequently　in　various　editions）；　which　is　both　scholarly　and　of　fascinating　interest　on　the　subject　of　the　early　expansion　into　the　West。　On　the　most　important　subj