the fathers of the constitution-第26章
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fascinating interest on the subject of the early expansion into the West。 On the most important subject of all； the formation of the Constitution； the material ordinarily wanted can be found in Max Farrand's 〃Records of the Federal Convention；〃 3 vols。 （1910）； and the author has summarized the results of his studies in 〃The Framing of the Constitution〃 （1913）。 C。 A。 Beard's 〃An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States〃 （1913） gives some interesting and valuable facts regarding economic aspects of the formation of the Constitution； and particularly on the subject of investments in government securities。 There is no satisfactory account of the adoption of the Constitution； but the debates in many of the State conventions are included in Jonathan Elliot's 〃Debates on the Federal Constitution；〃 5 vols。 （1836…1845； subsequently reprinted in many editions）。 A few special works upon the adoption of the Constitution in the individual States may be mentioned： H。 B。 Grigsby's 〃History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788；〃 Virginia Historical Society Collections； N。 S。； IX and X（1890…91）； McMaster and Stone's 〃Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution； 1787…88〃 （1888）； S。 B。 Harding's 〃Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in the State of Massachusetts〃（1896）； O。 G。 Libby's 〃The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal Constitution； 1787…1788〃 （University of Wisconsin； 〃Bulletin； Economics； Political Science； and History Series；〃 I； No。 1；1894）。 Contemporary differences of opinion upon the Constitution will be found in P。 L。 Ford's 〃Pamphlets on the Constitution；〃 etc。 （1888）。 The most valuable commentary on the Constitution； 〃The Federalist；〃 is to be found in several editions of which the more recent are by E。 H。 Scott （1895） and P。 L。 Ford （1898）。 A large part of the so…called original documents or first…hand sources of information is to be found in letters and private papers of prominent men。 For most readers there is nothing better than the 〃American Statesmen Series；〃 from which the following might be selected： H。 C。 Lodge's 〃George Washington 〃（2 vols。； 1889） and 〃Alexander Hamilton〃 （1882）； J。 T。 Morse's 〃Benjamin Franklin〃 （1889）； 〃John Adams〃 （1885）； and 〃Thomas Jefferson〃 （1883）； Theodore Roosevelt's 〃Gouverneur Morris；〃 （1888）。 Other readable volumes are P。 L。 Ford's 〃The True George Washington〃 （1896） and 〃The Many…sided Franklin〃 （1899）； F。 S。 Oliver's 〃Alexander Hamilton； An Essay on American Union〃 （New ed。 London； 1907）； W。 G。 Brown's 〃Life of Oliver Ellsworth〃（1905）； A。 McL。 Hamilton's 〃The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton〃 （1910）； James Schouler's 〃Thomas Jefferson〃 （1893）； Gaillard Hunt's 〃Life of James Madison〃 （1902）。 Of the collections of documents it may be worth while to notice： 〃Documentary History of the Constitution of the United States；〃 5 vols。 （1894…1905）； B。 P。 Poore's 〃Federal and State Constitutions； Colonial Charters； etc。；〃 2 vols。 （1877）； F。 N。 Thorpe's 〃The Federal and State Constitutions； Colonial Charters； and other Organic Laws〃； 7 vols。 （1909）； and the 〃Journals of the Continental Congress〃 （1904…1914）； edited from the original records in the Library of Congress by Worthington C。 Ford and Gaillard Hunt； of which 23 volumes have appeared； bringing the records down through 1782。
NOTES ON THE PORTRAITS OF MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION WHO SIGNED THE CONSTITUTION BY VICTOR HUGO PALTSITS Forty signatures were attached to the Constitution of the United States in the Federal Convention on September 17； 1787； by thirty…nine delegates； representing twelve States； and the secretary of the Convention； as the attesting officer。 George Washington； who signed as president of the Convention； was a delegate from Virginia。 There are reproduced in this volume the effigies or pretended effigies of thirty…seven of them； from etchings by Albert Rosenthal in an extra…illustrated volume devoted to the Members of the Federal Convention； 1787； in the Thomas Addis Emmet Collection owned by the New York Public Library。 The autographs are from the same source。 This series presents no portraits of David Brearley of New Jersey； Thomas Fitzsimons of Pennsylvania； and Jacob Broom of Delaware。 With respect to the others we give such information as Albert Rosenthal； the Philadelphia artist； inscribed on each portrait and also such other data as have been unearthed from the correspondence of Dr。 Emmet； preserved in the Manuscript Division of the New York Public Library。 Considerable controversy has raged； on and off； but especially of late； in regard to the painted and etched portraits which Rosenthal produced nearly a generation ago； and in particular respecting portraits which were hung in Independence Hall； Philadelphia。 Statements in the case by Rosenthal and by the late Charles Henry Hart are in the 〃American Art News；〃 March 3； 1917； p。 4。 See also Hart's paper on bogus American portraits in 〃Annual Report； 1913；〃 of the American Historical Association。 To these may be added some interesting facts which are not sufficiently known by American students。 In the ninth decade of the nineteenth century； principally from 1885 to 1888； a few collectors of American autographs united in an informal association which was sometimes called a 〃Club；〃 for the purpose of procuring portraits of American historical characters which they desired to associate with respective autographs as extra…illustrations。 They were pioneers in their work and their purposes were honorable。 They cooperated in effort and expenses； 'in a most commendable mutuality。 Prime movers and workers were the late Dr。 Emmet； of New York； and Simon Gratz； Esq。； still active in Philadelphia。 These men have done much to stimulate appreciation for and the preservation of the fundamental sources of American history。 When they began； and for many years thereafter； not the same critical standards reigned among American historians； much less among American collectors； as the canons now require。 The members of the 〃Club〃 entered into an extensive correspondence with the descendants of persons whose portraits they wished to trace and then have reproduced。 They were sometimes misled by these descendants； who themselves； often great…grandchildren or more removed by ties and time； assumed that a given portrait represented the particular person in demand； because in their own uncritical minds a tradition was as good as a fact。 The members of the 〃Club；〃 then； did the best they could with the assistance and standards of their time。 The following extract from a letter written by Gratz to Emmet； November 10； 1885； reveals much that should be better known。 He wrote very frankly as follows： 〃What you say in regard to Rosenthal's work is correct： but the fault is not his。 Many of the photographs are utterly wanting in expression or character； and if the artist were to undertake to correct these deficiencies by making the portrait what he may SUPPOSE it should be； his production （while presenting a better appearance ARTISTICALLY） might be very much less of a LIKENESS than the photograph from which he works。 Rosenthal always shows me a rough proof of the unfinished etching； so that I may advise him as to corrections & additions which I may consider justifiable & advisable。〃 Other correspondence shows that Rosenthal received about twenty dollars for each plate which he etched for the 〃Club。〃 The following arrangement of data follows the order of the names as signed to the Constitution。 The Emmet numbers identify the etchings in the bound volume from which they have been reproduced。 1。 George Washington； President （also delegate from Virginia）； Emmet 9497； inscribed 〃Joseph Wright Pinxit Phila。 1784。 Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888。 Aqua fortis。〃 NEW HAMPSHIRE 2。 John Langdon； Emmet 9439； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888 after Painting by Trumbull。〃 Mr。 Walter Langdon； of Hyde Park； N。 Y。； in January； 1885； sent to Dr。 Emmet a photograph of a 〃portrait of Governor John Langdon LL。D。〃 An oil miniature painted on wood by Col。 John Trumbull； in 1792； is in the Yale School of Fine Arts。 There is also painting of Langdon in Independence Hall； by James Sharpless。 3。 Nicholas Gilman； Emmet 9441； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888。〃 A drawing by the same artist formerly hung in Independence Hall。 The two are not at all alike。 No contemporary attribution is made and the Emmet correspondence reveals nothing。 MASSACHUSETTS 4。 Nathaniel Gorham； Emmet 9443。 It was etched by Albert Rosenthal but without inscription of any kind or date。 A painting by him； in likeness identical； formerly hung in Independence Hall。 No evidence in Emmet correspondence。 5。 Rufus King； Emmet 9445； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888 after Painting by Trumbull。〃 King was painted by Col。 John Trumbull from life and the portrait is in the Yale School of Fine Arts。 Gilbert Stuart painted a portrait of King and there is one by Charles Willson Peale in Independence Hall。 6。 William Samuel Johnson； Emmet 9447； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888 from Painting by Gilbert Stuart。〃 A painting by Rosenthal after Stuart hung in Independence Hall。 Stuart's portrait of Dr。 Johnson 〃was one of the first； if not the first； painted by Stuart after his return from England。〃 Dated on back 1792。 Also copied by Graham。Mason； Life of Stuart； 208。 7。 Roger Sherman； Emmet 9449； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888 after Painting by Earle。〃 The identical portrait copied by Thomas Hicks； after Ralph Earle； is in Independence Hall。 NEW YORK 8。 Alexander Hamilton； Emmet 9452； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal 1888 after Trumbull。〃 A full length portrait； painted by Col。 John Trumbull； is in the City Hall； New York。 Other Hamilton portraits by Trumbull are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art； New York； the Boston Museum of Art； and in private possession。 NEW JERSEY 9。 William Livingston； Emmet 9454； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。； 1888。〃 A similar portrait； painted by Rosenthal； formerly hung in Independence Hall。 No correspondence relating to it is in the Emmet Collection。 10。 David Brearley。 There is no portrait。 Emmet 9456 is a drawing of a Brearley coat…of…arms taken from a book…plate。 11。 William Paterson； Emmet 9458； inscribed 〃Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888。〃 A painted portrait by an unknown artist was hung in Independence Hall。 The Emmet correspondence reveals nothing。 12。 Jonathan Dayton； Emmet 9460； inscribed 〃Albert Rosenthal。〃 A painting by Rosenthal also formerly hung in Independence Hall。 The two are dissimilar。 The etching is a profile； but the painting is nearly a full…face portrait。 The Emmet correspondence reveals no evidence。 PENNSYLVANIA 13。 Benjamin Franklin； Emmet 9463； inscribed 〃C。 W。 Peale Pinxit。 Albert Rosenthal Sc。〃 14。 Thomas Mifflin； Emmet 9466； inscribed 〃Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila。 1888 after Painting by Gilbert Stuart。〃 A portrait by Charles Willson Peale； in civilian dress； is in Independence Hall。 The Stuart portrait shows Mifflin in military uniform。 15。 Robert Morris； Emmet 9470； inscribed 〃Gilbert Stuart Pinxit。 Albert Rosenthal Sc。〃 The original painting is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania。 Stuart painted Morris in 1795。 A copy was owned by the lat
