essays-1-第25章

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heir　minds。　　When；　by　rendering　it　evidently　impossible　for　them　to　escape　detection；　they　are　brought　to　give　up　all　thoughts　of　cheating　and　deceiving；　they　will　then　be　capable　of　application；　and　of　enjoying　real　happiness；　and；　with　open　and　placid　countenances；　will　look　every　one　full　in　the　face　who　accosts　them：　but　as　long　as　they　are　under　the　influence　of　temptation　as　long　as　their　minds　are　degraded　by　conscious　guilt；　and　continually　agitated　by　schemes　of　prosecuting　their　fraudulent　practices；　they　are　as　incapable　of　enjoying　peace　or　contentment；　as　they　are　of　being　useful　members　of　society。

Hence　the　extreme　cruelty　of　an　ill…judged　　appearance　of　confidence；　or　careless　neglect　of　precautions；　in　regard　to　those　employed　in　places　of　trust；　who　may　be　exposed　to　temptations　to　defraud。

That　prayer；　which　cannot　be　enough　admired；　or　too　often　repeated；　〃LEAD　US　NOT　INTO　TEMPTATION；〃　was　certainly　dictated　by　infinite　wisdom　and　goodness；　and　it　should　ever　be　borne　in　mind　by　those　who　are　placed　in　stations　of　power　and　authority；　and　whose　measures　must　necessarily　have　much　influence　on　the　happiness　or　misery　of　great　numbers　of　people。

Honest　men　may　be　found　in　all　countries；　but　I　am　sorry　to　say；　that　the　result　of　all　my　experience　and　observation　has　tended　invariably　to　prove；　（what　has　often　been　remarked；）　that　it　is　extremely　difficult　to　KEEP　THOSE　HONEST　who　are　exposed　to　continual　and　great　temptations。

There　is；　however；　one　most　effectual　way；　not　only　of　keeping　those　honest　who　are　so　already；　but　also　of　making　those　honest　who　are　not　so；　and　that　is；　by　taking　such　precautions　as　will　render　it　EVIDENTLY　impossible　for　those　who　commit　frauds　to　escape　detection　and　punishment：　and　these　precautions　are　never　impossible；　and　seldom　difficult；　and　with　a　little　address；　they　may　always　be　so　taken　as　to　be　in　nowise　offensive　to　those　who　are　the　objects　of　them。

It　is　evident　that　the　maxims　and　measures　here　recommended　are　not　applicable　merely　to　the　Poor；　but　also；　and　more　especially；　to　those　who　may　be　employed　in　the　details　of　relieving　them。

But　to　return　once　more　to　the　subject　more　immediately　under　consideration。If　individuals　should　extend　their　liberality　so　far　as　to　establish　public　kitchens　for　feeding　the　Poor；　（which　is　a　measure　I　cannot　too　often；　or　too　forcibly　recommend；）　it　would　be　a　great　pity　not　to　go　one　easy　step　further；　and　fit　up　a　few　rooms　adjoining　to　the　kitchen；　where　the　Poor　may　be　permitted　to　assemble　to　work　for　their　own　emoluments；　and　where　schools　for　instructing　the　children　of　the　Poor　in　working；　and　in　reading　and　writing；　may　be　established。　　Neither　the　fitting　up；　or　warming　and　lighting　of　these　rooms；　will　be　attended　with　any　considerable　expense；　while　the　advantages　which　will　be　derived　from　such　an　Establishment　for　encouraging　industry；　and　contributing　to　the　comfort　of　the　Poor；　will　be　most　important；　and　from　their　peculiar　nature；　and　tendency；　will　be　most　highly　interesting　to　every　benevolent　mind。

END　OF　ESSAY　TWO。


Footnotes　for　Essay　II。

＇1＇　This　English　Reader　is　desired　to　bear　in　mind；　that　the　Author　of　this　Essay；　though　an　Englishman；　is　resident　in　Germany；　and　that　his　connections　with　that　country　render　it　necessary　for　him　to　pay　particular　attention　to　its　circumstances；　in　treating　a　subject　which　he　is　desirous　of　rendering　generally　useful。　These　is　still　another　reason；　which　renders　it　necessary　for　him　to　have　continually　in　view；　in　the　Treatise；　the　situation　of　the　Poor　upon　the　Continent；　and　that　it　is　an　engagement　which　he　has　laid　himself　under　to　write　upon　that　subject。

＇2＇　The　only　step　which；　in　my　opinion；　it　would　be　either；　necessary；　or　prudent；　for　the　legislature　to　take　in　any　country　where　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor　is　to　be　formed；　is　to　RECOMMEND　to　the　Public　a　good　plan　for　such　an　Establishment；　and　repeal；　or　alter　all　such　of　the　existing　laws　as　might　render　the　introduction　of　it　difficult　or　impossible。

＇3＇　This　is　an　object　of　the　utmost　importance；　and　the　success　of　the　undertaking　will　depend　in　a　great　measure　on　the　attention　that　is　paid　to　it。

＇4＇　This　measure　has　been　followed　by　the　most　salutary　effects　at　Munich。　　The　commissaries　of　districts　flattered　by　this　distinction　have　exerted　themselves　with　uncommon　zeal　and　assiduity　in　the　discharge　of　the　important　duties　of　their　office。　　And　very　important　indeed　is　the　office　of　a　commissary　of　a　district　in　the　Establishment　for　the　Poor　at　Munich。

＇5＇　It　will　be　best；　if　it　be　possible；　to　mention　and　describe　the　place；　in　the　Proposals。


CONTENTS　of　ESSAY　III。

of　FOOD　and　particularly　of　FEEDING　the　POOR

Introduction。

CHAPTER。　I。　　Great　importance　of　the　subject　under　consideration。　　Probability　that　water　acts　a　much　more　important　part　in　　　　nutrition　than　has　hitherto　been　generally　imagined。　　Surprisingly　small　quantity　of　solid　food　necessary；　　　　when　properly　prepared；　for　all　the　purposes　of　nutrition。　　Great　importance　of　the　art　of　cookery。　　Barley　remarkably　nutritive　when　properly　prepared。　　The　importance　of　culinary　processes　for　preparing　food　shown　　　　from　the　known　utility　of　a　practice　common　in　some　parts　of　　　　Germany　of　cooking　for　cattle。　　Difficulty　of　introducing　a　charge　of　cookery　into　common　use。　　Means　that　may　be　employed　for　that　purpose。

CHAPTER。　II。　　Of　the　pleasure　of　eating；　and　of　the　means　that　may　be　　　　employed　for　increasing　it。

CHAPTER。　III。　　Of　the　different　kinds　of　food　furnished　to　the　poor　in　the　　　　house　of　industry　at　Munich；　with　an　account　of　the　cost　of　them。　　Of　the　Expense　of　providing　the　same　kinds　of　food　in　Great　　　　Britain；　as　well　at　the　present　high　prices　of　provisions；　　　　as　at　the　ordinary　prices　of　them。　　Of　the　various　improvements　of　which　these　different　kinds　of　　　　cheap　food　are　capable。

CHAPTER。　IV。　　Of　the　small　expense　at　which　the　Bavarian　soldiers　are　fed。　　Details　of　their　housekeeping；　founded　on　actual　experiment。　　An　account　of　the　fuel　expended　by　them　in　cooking。

CHAPTER。　V。　　Of　the　great　importance　of　making　soldiers　eat　together　in　　　　regular　messes。　　The　influence　of　such　economical　arrangements　extends　even　to　　　　the　moral　character　of　those　who　are　the　objects　of　them。　　Of　the　expence　of　feeding　soldiers　in　messes。　　Of　the　surprising　smallness　of　the　expence　of　feeding　the　poor　　　　at　Munich。　　Specific　proposals　respecting　the　feeding　of　the　poor　in　Great　　　　Britain；　with　calculations　of　the　expense；　at　the　present　　　　prices　of　provisions。

CHAPTER。　VI。　　Of　INDIAN　CORN。　　It　affords　the　cheapest　and　most　nourishing　food　known。　　Proofs　that　it　is　more　nourishing　than　rice。　　Different　ways　of　preparing　or　cooking　it。　　Computation　of　the　expense　of　feeding　a　person　with　it；　　　　founded　on　experiment。　　Approved　Receipt　for　making　an　INDIAN　PUDDING。

CHAPTER。　VII。　　Receipts　for　preparing　various　Kinds　of　cheap　Food。　　Of　MACCARONI。　　Of　POTATOES。　　　　Approved　receipts　for　boiling　potatoes。　　　　Of　potatoe　puddings。　　　　Of　potatoe　dumplings。　　　　Of　boiled　potatoes　with　a　sauce。　　　　Of　potatoe　salad。　　Of　BARLEY　　　　Is　much　more　nutritious　than　wheat。　　　　Barley　meal；　a　good　substitute　for　pearl　barley；　for　making　　　　　　soups。　　　　General　directions　for　preparing　cheap　soups。　　　　Receipt　for　the　cheapest　soup　that　can　be　made。　　Of　SAMP　　　　Method　of　preparing　it　　　　Is　an　excellent　Substitute　for　Bread。　　Of　brown　Soup。　　Of　RYE　BREAD。


ESSAY　III。

INTRODUCTION。

It　is　a　common　saying；　that　necessity　is　the　mother　of　invention；　and　nothing　is　more　strictly　or　more　generally　true。　It　may　even　be　shown；　that　most　of　the　successive　improvements　in　the　affairs　of　men　in　a　state　of　civil　society；　of　which　we　have　any　authentic　records；　have　been　made　under　the　pressure　of　necessity；　and　it　is　no　small　consolation；　in　times　of　general　alarm；　to　reflect　upon　the　probability　that；　upon　such　occasions；　useful　discoveries　will　result　from　the　united　exertions　of　those　who；　either　from　motives　of　fear；　or　sentiments　of　benevolence；　labour　to　avert　the　impending　evil。

The　alarm　in　this　country　at　the　present　period＇1＇；　on　account　of　the　high　price　of　corn；　and　the　danger　of　a　scarcity；　has　turned　the　attention　of　the　Public　to　a　very　important　subject；　THE　INVESTIGATION　OF　THE　SCIENCE　OF　NUTRITION；a　subject　so　curious　in　itself；　and　so　highly　interesting　to　mankind；　that　it　seems　truly　astonishing　it　should　have　been　so　long　neglected：　but　in　the　manner　in　which　it　is　now　taken　up；　both　by　the　House　of　Commons；　and　the　Board　of　Agriculture；　there　is　great　reason　to　hope　that　it　will　receive　a　thorough　scientific　examination；　and　if　this　should　be　the　case；　I　will　venture　to　predict；　that　the　important　discoveries；　and　improvements；　which　must　result　from　these　enquiries；　will　render　the　alarms　which　gave　rise　to　them　for　ever　famous　in　the　annals　of　civil　society。


CHAPTER。　I。

　Great　importance　of　the　subject　under　consideration。　　Probability　that　water　acts　a　much　more　important　part　in　　　　nutrition　than　has　hitherto　been　generally　imagined。　　Surprisingly　small　quantity　of　solid　food　necessary；　　　　when　properly　prepared；　for　all　the　purposes　of　nutrition。　　Great　importance　of　the　art　of　cookery。　　Barley　remarkably　nutritive　when　properly　prepared。　　The　importance　of　culinary　processes　for　preparing　food　shown　　　　from　the　known　utility　of　a　practice　common　in　some　parts　of　　　　Germany　of　cooking　for　cattle。　　Difficulty　of　introducing　a　charge　of　cookery　into　common　use。　　Means　that　may　be　employed　for　that　purpose。

There　is；　perhaps；　no　operation　of　Nature；　which　falls　under　the　cognizance　of　our　senses；　more　surprising；　or　more　curious；　than　the　nourishment　and　growth　of　plants；　and　animals；　and　there　is　certainly　no　subject　of　investigation　more　interesting　to　mankind。As　providing　subsistence　is；　and　ever　must　be；　an　object　of　the　first　concern　in　all　countries；　any　discovery　or　improvement　by　which　the　procuring　of　good　and　wholesome　food　can　be　facilitated；　must　contribute　very　powerfully　to　increase　the　comforts；　and　promote　the　happiness　of　society。

That　our　knowledge　in　regard　to　the　science　of　nutrition　is　still　very　imperfect；　is　certain；　but；　I　think　there　is　reason　to　believe；　that　we　are　upon　the　eve　of　some　very　important　discoveries　relative　to　that　mysterious　operation。

Since　it　has　been　known　that　Water　is　not　a　simple　element；　but　a　COMPOUND；　and　capable　of　being　decomposed；　much　light　has　been　thrown　upon　many　operations　of　nature　which　formerly　were　wrapped　up　in　obscurity。　　In　vegetation；　for　instance；　it　has　been　rendered　extremely　probable；　that　water　acts　a　much　more　important　part　than　was　formerly　assigned　to　it　by　philosophers。　That　it　serves　not　merely　as　the　VEHICLE　of　nourishment；　but　constitutes　at　least　one　part；　and　probably　an　essential　part；　of　the　FOOD　of　plants。That　it　is　decomposed　by　them；　and　contributes　MATERIALLY　to　their　growth；and　that　manures　serve　rather　to　prepare　the　water　for　decomposition；　than　to　form　of　themselvessubstantially；　and　directlythe　nourishment　of　the　vegetables。

Now；　a　very　clear　analogy　may　be　traced；　between　the　vegetation　and　growth　of　plants；　and　the　digestion　and　nourishment　of　animals；　and　as　water　is　i