新东方白易礼语法笔记-第2章
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I am writing a letter。 我正在写信。
They are learning English。 他们正在学习英语。
Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗?
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如:
More and more people are paying attention to their health。
越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel。 他在翻译一本小说。
2)有些动词,如come; go; leave; return; arrive; begin; start等,它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:
Flight 1095 is landing soon。 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end is coming。 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai。 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3)现在进行时常与always; continually; constantly 等副词连用,表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:
He is always asking questions。 他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing。 你老爱说那样的话。
She is always complaining。 她总是喜欢抱怨。
4)在一定的上下文中,后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合,可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实,而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如:
He frowns。 He is worrying about his boy。 他皱着眉头,因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him。 She is trying to correct his bad habits。 她批评他,想纠正他的坏习惯。
She lets her child have his own way。 She is spoiling him。 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。(结果)
翻译练习:1)新生下星期到。The new students are arriving next week。2)那边出了什么事?What is happening over there?3)那辆汽车怎么停在门外?Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?4)他们正在看电视里的足球赛。They are watching a football match on television。5)他老爱开玩笑。He is always joking。6)我们从国外进口机器,我们在学习新的科学技术。We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology。
3、现在完成时(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have。现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式疑问式I have not (haven’t) studied…。Have I studied…?You have not (haven’t) studied…。Have you studied…?He has not (hasn’t) studied…。Has he studied…?否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…?Yes; you have。 No; you haven’t。Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…?Yes; I have。 No; I haven’t。Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…?Yes; he has。 No; he hasn’t。(2)用法:
1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成,但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解,因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响,很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上,这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间,则一般用现在完成时;如果说明了动作发生的具体时间,带有表示过去的时间状语,则用一般过去时。例如:
My daughter has just gone out。 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before。 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived。 她到了。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today; these days; recently; now; lately; for…; since…; in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months; just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days。 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently。 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years。 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday。
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意:1)表示短暂意义的动词如open; go; come; die; arrive; leave; lose; fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说:×He has come here for 2 weeks。×The old man has died for 4 months。×They have left only for 5 minutes。以上三句话可以改为:
It’s two weeks since he came here。 He has been here for 2 weeks。
It’s 4 months since the old man died。
They have been away only for 5 minutes2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada。 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大)
They have gone to Canada。 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大)。3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday; last year; in 1976; two days ago; just now; when I came in 等连用, 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already; yet; sometimes; always; often; before; lately; recently; once; twice; ever; never等连用。例如:
She has already come。 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet。 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before。 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student。 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street。 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an。 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately。 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习:1)他们已经答复了我们的信。They have already answered our letter。2)自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year。3)他刚把他的名字告诉我。He has just told me his name。4)你到过杭州吗? 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes; I have。 I went there a month ago。 I have been there two or three times。5)他在海外住了很长时间了。He has lived abroad for a very long time。
4、现在完成进行时(1)构成:第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词;其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。(2)用法:
1)表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,可能刚刚终止,也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning。 我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours。 雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书?
2)有些动词不能用于现在进行时,如be; have; like; love; know; see; hear等,这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如:
I haven’t seen you for ages。 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time。 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time。 我认识他很久了。
3)现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,强调结果;而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性,强调“一直”,往往表示动作仍未结束。如:
I have been reading this novel。 我一直在读这本小说。(我仍然在读)
I have read two novels。 我已读过两本小说。(可能刚读过,也可能很久以前读的)
I have been writing letters。 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters。 我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in。 既然我们已经打扫完房间,我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom; but we haven’t finished yet。 我们一直在打扫教室,但还没干完。
翻译练习:1)你整个早晨在学习什么?What have you been studying all the morning?2)你已经参加过期末考试了吗?Have you taken your final examination?3)学生们一直在为高考准备功课。The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination。4)我们从小就认识。We have known each other since childhood。5)1949年以来,王先生一直在这所学校教物理。Mr。 Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949。6)雨一直下了一个星期。It has been raining for a week。
5、一般过去时(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did; 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式疑问式I did not (didn’t) study…。Did I study…?You did not (didn’t) study…。Did you study…?He did not (didn’t) study…。Did he study…?否定疑问式简单回答 (肯定/否定)Did I not (Didn’t I) study…?Yes; you did。 No; you didn’t。Di you not (Didn’t you) study…?Yes; I did。 No; I didn’t。Did he not (Didn’t he) study…?Yes; he did。 No; he didn’t。(2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago。 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的?
I used to go to school early。 我过去总是很早去学校。
He always went to work by bus。 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young。 李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)
注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
翻译练习:1)他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。He left for Shanghai yesterday evening。2)你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的? 我六点钟醒的,可是到七点才起床。What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ?I woke up at six o’clock; but did not get up until 7。3)星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。A foreign friend visited our school on Monday。4)我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。I used to get up at six when I was at middle school。5)周总理曾经常在这里办公。Premier Zhou used to work here。
6、过去进行时(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were。
1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday; we were having an English lesson。 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room。 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper; all the lights went out。 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table。 她摆桌子时,他在读书。
It was getting dark。 The wind was rising。 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2)过去进行时动词常用always; continually; frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young。 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty; China was always making concessions to western powers。 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习:1)我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school。2)我母亲做饭的时候,我父亲在抽烟。While my mother was cooking; my father was smoking。3)我正在写东西,小明把灯关了。When I was writing; Xiao Ming turned off the light。4)夕阳西下,天渐渐黑下来了。The sun was setting。 It was getting dark。5)你走进他们的房间时,他们正在听广播吗?Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?6)她给你打电话的时候,你在干什么?What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、过去完成时(1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。(2)用法:
1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
She told me she had been there three times before。 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教