concerning civil government-第1章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！








　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1690



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CONCERNING　CIVIL　GOVERNMENT；　SECOND　ESSAY

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　AN　ESSAY　CONCERNING　THE　TRUE　ORIGINAL　EXTENT　AND

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　END　OF　CIVIL　GOVERNMENT



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　John　Locke









　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter　I

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　Political　Power



　　1。　It　having　been　shown　in　the　foregoing　discourse：*



　　*　An　Essay　Concerning　Certain　False　Principles。



　　Firstly。　That　Adam　had　not；　either　by　natural　right　of　fatherhood　or

by　positive　donation　from　God；　any　such　authority　over　his　children；

nor　dominion　over　the　world；　as　is　pretended。

　　Secondly。　That　if　he　had；　his　heirs　yet　had　no　right　to　it。

　　Thirdly。　That　if　his　heirs　had；　there　being　no　law　of　Nature　nor

positive　law　of　God　that　determines　which　is　the　right　heir　in　all

cases　that　may　arise；　the　right　of　succession；　and　consequently　of

bearing　rule；　could　not　have　been　certainly　determined。

　　Fourthly。　That　if　even　that　had　been　determined；　yet　the　knowledge

of　which　is　the　eldest　line　of　Adam's　posterity　being　so　long　since

utterly　lost；　that　in　the　races　of　mankind　and　families　of　the

world；　there　remains　not　to　one　above　another　the　least　pretence　to　be

the　eldest　house；　and　to　have　the　right　of　inheritance。

　　All　these　promises　having；　as　I　think；　been　clearly　made　out；　it

is　impossible　that　the　rulers　now　on　earth　should　make　any　benefit；　or

derive　any　the　least　shadow　of　authority　from　that　which　is　held　to　be

the　fountain　of　all　power；　〃Adam's　private　dominion　and　paternal

jurisdiction〃；　so　that　he　that　will　not　give　just　occasion　to　think

that　all　government　in　the　world　is　the　product　only　of　force　and

violence；　and　that　men　live　together　by　no　other　rules　but　that　of

beasts；　where　the　strongest　carries　it；　and　so　lay　a　foundation　for

perpetual　disorder　and　mischief；　tumult；　sedition；　and　rebellion

（things　that　the　followers　of　that　hypothesis　so　loudly　cry　out

against）；　must　of　necessity　find　out　another　rise　of　government；

another　original　of　political　power；　and　another　way　of　designing

and　knowing　the　persons　that　have　it　than　what　Sir　Robert　Filmer

hath　taught　us。

　　2。　To　this　purpose；　I　think　it　may　not　be　amiss　to　set　down　what　I

take　to　be　political　power。　That　the　power　of　a　magistrate　over　a

subject　may　be　distinguished　from　that　of　a　father　over　his

children；　a　master　over　his　servant；　a　husband　over　his　wife；　and　a

lord　over　his　slave。　All　which　distinct　powers　happening　sometimes

together　in　the　same　man；　if　he　be　considered　under　these　different

relations；　it　may　help　us　to　distinguish　these　powers　one　from

another；　and　show　the　difference　betwixt　a　ruler　of　a　commonwealth；

a　father　of　a　family；　and　a　captain　of　a　galley。

　　3。　Political　power；　then；　I　take　to　be　a　right　of　making　laws；

with　penalties　of　death；　and　consequently　all　less　penalties　for　the

regulating　and　preserving　of　property；　and　of　employing　the　force　of

the　community　in　the　execution　of　such　laws；　and　in　the　defence　of　the

commonwealth　from　foreign　injury；　and　all　this　only　for　the　public

good。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter　II

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　State　of　Nature



　　4。　To　understand　political　power　aright；　and　derive　it　from　its

original；　we　must　consider　what　estate　all　men　are　naturally　in；　and

that　is；　a　state　of　perfect　freedom　to　order　their　actions；　and

dispose　of　their　possessions　and　persons　as　they　think　fit；　within　the

bounds　of　the　law　of　Nature；　without　asking　leave　or　depending　upon

the　will　of　any　other　man。

　　A　state　also　of　equality；　wherein　all　the　power　and　jurisdiction

is　reciprocal；　no　one　having　more　than　another；　there　being　nothing

more　evident　than　that　creatures　of　the　same　species　and　rank；

promiscuously　born　to　all　the　same　advantages　of　Nature；　and　the　use

of　the　same　faculties；　should　also　be　equal　one　amongst　another；

without　subordination　or　subjection；　unless　the　lord　and　master　of

them　all　should；　by　any　manifest　declaration　of　his　will；　set　one

above　another；　and　confer　on　him；　by　an　evident　and　clear　appointment；

an　undoubted　right　to　dominion　and　sovereignty。

　　5。　This　equality　of　men　by　Nature；　the　judicious　Hooker　looks　upon

as　so　evident　in　itself；　and　beyond　all　question；　that　he　makes　it　the

foundation　of　that　obligation　to　mutual　love　amongst　men　on　which　he

builds　the　duties　they　owe　one　another；　and　from　whence　he　derives　the

great　maxims　of　justice　and　charity。　His　words　are：

　　〃The　like　natural　inducement　hath　brought　men　to　know　that　it　is

no　less　their　duty　to　love　others　than　themselves；　for　seeing　those

things　which　are　equal；　must　needs　all　have　one　measure；　if　I　cannot

but　wish　to　receive　good；　even　as　much　at　every　man's　hands；　as　any

man　can　wish　unto　his　own　soul；　how　should　I　look　to　have　any　part

of　my　desire　herein　satisfied；　unless　myself　be　careful　to　satisfy　the

like　desire；　which　is　undoubtedly　in　other　men　weak；　being　of　one

and　the　same　nature：　to　have　anything　offered　them　repugnant　to　this

desire　must　needs；　in　all　respects；　grieve　them　as　much　as　me；　so　that

if　I　do　harm；　I　must　look　to　suffer；　there　being　no　reason　that　others

should　show　greater　measure　of　love　to　me　than　they　have　by　me

showed　unto　them；　my　desire；　therefore；　to　be　loved　of　my　equals　in

Nature；　as　much　as　possible　may　be；　imposeth　upon　me　a　natural　duty　of

bearing　to　themward　fully　the　like　affection。　From　which　relation　of

equality　between　ourselves　and　them　that　are　as　ourselves；　what

several　rules　and　canons　natural　reason　hath　drawn　for　direction　of

life　no　man　is　ignorant。〃　（Eccl。　Pol。　i。）*



　　*　Richard　Hooker；　The　Laws　of　Ecclesiastical　Polity。



　　6。　But　though　this　be　a　state　of　liberty；　yet　it　is　not　a　state　of

licence；　though　man　in　that　state　have　an　uncontrollable　liberty　to

dispose　of　his　person　or　possessions；　yet　he　has　not　liberty　to

destroy　himself；　or　so　much　as　any　creature　in　his　possession；　but

where　some　nobler　use　than　its　bare　preservation　calls　for　it。　The

state　of　Nature　has　a　law　of　Nature　to　govern　it；　which　obliges

every　one；　and　reason；　which　is　that　law；　teaches　all　mankind　who　will

but　consult　it；　that　being　all　equal　and　independent；　no　one　ought

to　harm　another　in　his　life；　health；　liberty　or　possessions；　for　men

being　all　the　workmanship　of　one　omnipotent　and　infinitely　wise　Maker；

all　the　servants　of　one　sovereign　Master；　sent　into　the　world　by　His

order　and　about　His　business；　they　are　His　property；　whose　workmanship

they　are　made　to　last　during　His；　not　one　another's　pleasure。　And；

being　furnished　with　like　faculties；　sharing　all　in　one　community　of

Nature；　there　cannot　be　supposed　any　such　subordination　among　us

that　may　authorise　us　to　destroy　one　another；　as　if　we　were　made　for

one　another's　uses；　as　the　inferior　ranks　of　creatures　are　for　ours。

Every　one　as　he　is　bound　to　preserve　himself；　and　not　to　quit　his

station　wilfully；　so　by　the　like　reason；　when　his　own　preservation

comes　not　in　competition；　ought　he　as　much　as　he　can　to　preserve　the

rest　of　mankind；　and　not　unless　it　be　to　do　justice　on　an　offender；

take　away　or　impair　the　life；　or　what　tends　to　the　preservation　of　the

life；　the　liberty；　health；　limb；　or　goods　of　another。

　　7。　And　that　all　men　may　be　restrained　from　invading　others'

rights；　and　from　doing　hurt　to　one　another；　and　the　law　of　Nature　be

observed；　which　willeth　the　peace　and　preservation　of　all　mankind；　the

execution　of　the　law　of　Nature　is　in　that　state　put　into　every　man's

hands；　whereby　every　one　has　a　right　to　punish　the　transgressors　of

that　law　to　such　a　degree　as　may　hinder　its　violation。　For　the　law

of　Nature　would；　as　all　other　laws　that　concern　men　in　this　world；

be　in　vain　if　there　were　nobody　that　in　the　state　of　Nature　had　a

power　to　execute　that　law；　and　thereby　preserve　the　innocent　and

restrain　offenders；　and　if　any　one　in　the　state　of　Nature　may　punish

another　for　any　evil　he　has　done；　every　one　may　do　so。　For　in　that

state　of　perfect　equality；　where　naturally　there　is　no　superiority

or　jurisdiction　of　one　over　another；　what　any　may　do　in　prosecution　of

that　law；　every　one　must　needs　have　a　right　to　do。

　　8。　And　thus；　in　the　state　of　Nature；　one　man　comes　by　a　power　over

another；　but　yet　no　absolute　or　arbitrary　power　to　use　a　criminal；

when　he　has　got　him　in　his　hands；　according　to　the　passionate　heats　or

boundless　extravagancy　of　his　own　will；　but　only　to　retribute　to　him

so　far　as　calm　reason　and　conscience　dictate；　what　is　proportionate　to

his　transgression；　which　is　so　much　as　may　serve　for　reparation　and

restraint。　For　these　two　are　the　only　reasons　why　one　man　may　lawfully

do　harm　to　another；　which　is　that　we　call　punishment。　In　transgressing

the　law　of　Nature；　the　offender　declares　himself　to　live　by　another

rule　than　that　of　reason　and　common　equity；　which　is　that　measure

God　has　set　to　the　actions　of　men　for　their　mutual　security；　and　so　he

becomes　dangerous　to　mankind；　the　tie　which　is　to　secure　them　from

injury　and　violence　being　slighted　and　broken　by　him；　which　being　a

trespass　against　the　whole　species；　and　the　peace　and　safety　of　it；

provided　for　by　the　law　of　Nature；　every　man　upon　this　score；　by　the

right　he　hath　to　preserve　mankind　in　general；　may　restrain；　or　where

it　is　necessary；　destroy　things　noxious　to　them；　and　so　may　bring　such

evil　on　any　one　who　hath　transgressed　that　law；　as　may　make　him　repent

the　doing　of　it；　and　thereby　deter　him；　and；　by　his　example；　others

from　doing　the　like　mischief。　And　in　this　case；　and　upon　this

ground；　every　man　hath　a　right　to　punish　the　offender；　and　be

executioner　of　the　law　of　Nature。

　　9。　I　doubt　not　but　this　will　seem　a　very　strange　doctrine　to　some

men；　but　before　they　condemn　it；　I　desire　them　to　resolve　me　by　what

right　any　prince　or　state　can　put　to　death　or　punish　an　alien　for

any　crime　he　commits　in　their　country？　It　is　certain　their　laws；　by

virtue　of　any　sanction　they　receive　from　the　promulgated　will　of　the

legislature；　reach　not　a　stranger。　They　speak　not　to　him；　nor；　if　they

did；　is　he　bound　to　hearken　to　them。　The　legislative　authority　by

which　they　are　in　force　over　the　subjects　of　that　commonwealth　hath　no

power　over　him。　Those　who　have　the　supreme　power　of　making　laws　in

England；　France；　or　Holland　are；　to　an　Indian；　but　like　the　rest　of

the　world…　men　without　authority。　And　therefore；　if　by　the　law　of

Nature　every　man　hath　not　a　power　to　punish　offences　against　it；　as　he

soberly　judges　the　case　to　require；　I　see　not　how　the　magistrates　of

any　community　can　punish　an　alien　of　another　country；　since；　in

reference　to　him；　they　can　have　no　more　power　than　what　every　man

naturally　may　have　over　another。

　　10。　Besides　the　crime　which　consists　in　violating　the　laws；　and

varying　from　the　right　rule　of　reason；　whereby　a　man　so　far　becomes

degenerate；　and　declares　himself　to　quit　the　principles　of　human

nature　and　to　be　a　noxious　creature；　there　is　commonly　injury　done；

and　some　person　or　other；　some　other　man；　receives　da