wealbk04-第29章

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which　well　deserves　the　serious　attention　even　of　so　great　a

company　as　the　Bank　of　England。

　　　　　Some　of　the　foregoing　reasonings　and　observations　might

perhaps　have　been　more　properly　placed　in　those　chapters　of　the

first　book　which　treat　of　the　origin　and　use　of　money；　and　of　the

difference　between　the　real　and　the　nominal　price　of　commodities。

But　as　the　law　for　the　encouragement　of　coinage　derives　its

origin　from　those　vulgar　prejudices　which　have　been　introduced　by

the　mercantile　system；　I　judged　it　more　proper　to　reserve　them

for　this　chapter。　Nothing　could　be　more　agreeable　to　the　spirit

of　that　system　than　a　sort　of　bounty　upon　the　production　of

money；　the　very　thing　which；　it　supposes；　constitutes　the　wealth

of　every　nation。　It　is　one　of　its　many　admirable　expedients　for

enriching　the　country。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　VII



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　Colonies　



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PART　1

　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Motives　for　establishing　new　Colonies　



　　　　　THE　interest　which　occasioned　the　first　settlement　of　the

different　European　colonies　in　America　and　the　West　Indies　was

not　altogether　so　plain　and　distinct　as　that　which　directed　the

establishment　of　those　of　ancient　Greece　and　Rome。

　　　　　All　the　different　states　of　ancient　Greece　possessed；　each

of　them；　but　a　very　small　territory；　and　when　the　people　in　any

one　of　them　multiplied　beyond　what　that　territory　could　easily

maintain；　a　part　of　them　were　sent　in　quest　of　a　new　habitation

in　some　remote　and　distant　part　of　the　world；　the　warlike

neighbours　who　surrounded　them　on　all　sides；　rendering　it

difficult　for　any　of　them　to　enlarge　very　much　its　territory　at

home。　The　colonies　of　the　Dorians　resorted　chiefly　to　Italy　and

Sicily；　which；　in　the　times　preceding　the　foundation　of　Rome；

were　inhabited　by　barbarous　and　uncivilised　nations：　those　of　the

Ionians　and　Aeolians；　the　two　other　great　tribes　of　the　Greeks；

to　Asia　Minor　and　the　islands　of　the　Aegean　Sea；　of　which　the

inhabitants　seem　at　that　time　to　have　been　pretty　much　in　the

same　state　as　those　of　Sicily　and　Italy。　The　mother　city；　though

she　considered　the　colony　as　a　child；　at　all　times　entitled　to

great　favour　and　assistance；　and　owing　in　return　much　gratitude

and　respect；　yet　considered　it　as　an　emancipated　child　over　whom

she　pretended　to　claim　no　direct　authority　or　jurisdiction。　The

colony　settled　its　own　form　of　government；　enacted　its　own　laws；

elected　its　own　magistrates；　and　made　peace　or　war　with　its

neighbours　as　an　independent　state；　which　had　no　occasion　to　wait

for　the　approbation　or　consent　of　the　mother　city。　Nothing　can　be

more　plain　and　distinct　than　the　interest　which　directed　every

such　establishment。

　　　　　Rome；　like　most　of　the　other　ancient　republics；　was

originally　founded　upon　an　Agrarian　law　which　divided　the　public

territory　in　a　certain　proportion　among　the　different　citizens

who　composed　the　state。　The　course　of　human　affairs　by　marriage；

by　succession；　and　by　alienation；　necessarily　deranged　this

original　division；　and　frequently　threw　the　lands；　which　had　been

allotted　for　the　maintenance　of　many　different　families；　into　the

possession　of　a　single　person。　To　remedy　this　disorder；　for　such

it　was　supposed　to　be；　a　law　was　made　restricting　the　quantity　of

land　which　any　citizen　could　possess　to　five　hundred　jugera；

about　three　hundred　and　fifty　English　acres。　This　law；　however；

though　we　read　of　its　having　been　executed　upon　one　or　two

occasions；　was　either　neglected　or　evaded；　and　the　inequality　of

fortunes　went　on　continually　increasing。　The　greater　part　of　the

citizens　had　no　land；　and　without　it　the　manners　and　customs　of

those　times　rendered　it　difficult　for　a　freeman　to　maintain　his

independency。　In　the　present　time；　though　a　poor　man　has　no　land

of　his　own；　if　he　has　a　little　stock　he　may　either　farm　the　lands

of　another；　or　he　may　carry　on　some　little　retail　trade；　and　if

he　has　no　stock；　he　may　find　employment　either　as　a　country

labourer　or　as　an　artificer。　But　among　the　ancient　Romans　the

lands　of　the　rich　were　all　cultivated　by　slaves；　who　wrought

under　an　overseer　who　was　likewise　a　slave；　so　that　a　poor

freeman　had　little　chance　of　being　employed　either　as　a　farmer　or

as　a　labourer。　All　trades　and　manufactures　too；　even　the　retail

trade；　were　carried　on　by　the　slaves　of　the　rich　for　the　benefit

of　their　masters；　whose　wealth；　authority；　and　protection　made　it

difficult　for　a　poor　freeman　to　maintain　the　competition　against

them。　The　citizens；　therefore；　who　had　no　land；　had　scarce　any

other　means　of　subsistence　but　the　bounties　of　the　candidates　at

the　annual　elections。　The　tribunes；　when　they　had　a　mind　to

animate　the　people　against　the　rich　and　the　great；　put　them　in

mind　of　the　ancient　division　of　lands；　and　represented　that　law

which　restricted　this　sort　of　private　property　as　the　fundamental

law　of　the　republic。　The　people　became　clamorous　to　get　land；　and

the　rich　and　the　great；　we　may　believe；　were　perfectly　determined

not　to　give　them　any　part　of　theirs。　To　satisfy　them　in　some

measure　therefore；　they　frequently　proposed　to　send　out　a　new

colony。　But　conquering　Rome　was；　even　upon　such　occasions；　under

no　necessity　of　turning　out　her　citizens　to　seek　their　fortune；

if　one　may　say　so；　through　the　wide　world；　without　knowing　where

they　were　to　settle。　She　assigned　them　lands　generally　in　the

conquered　provinces　of　Italy；　where；　being　within　the　dominions

of　the　republic；　they　could　never　form　an　independent　state；　but

were　at　best　but　a　sort　of　corporation；　which；　though　it　had　the

power　of　enacting　bye…laws　for　its　own　government；　was　at　all

times　subject　to　the　correction；　jurisdiction；　and　legislative

authority　of　the　mother　city。　The　sending　out　a　colony　of　this

kind　not　only　gave　some　satisfaction　to　the　people；　but　often

established　a　sort　of　garrison；　too；　in　a　newly　conquered

province；　of　which　the　obedience　might　otherwise　have　been

doubtful。　A　Roman　colony　therefore；　whether　we　consider　the

nature　of　the　establishment　itself　or　the　motives　for　making　it；

was　altogether　different　from　a　Greek　one。　The　words　accordingly；

which　in　the　original　languages　denote　those　different

establishments；　have　very　different　meanings。　The　Latin　word

（Colonia）　signifies　simply　a　plantation。　The　Greek　word　apoikia；

on　the　contrary；　signifies　a　separation　of　dwelling；　a　departure

from　home；　a　going　out　of　the　house。　But；　though　the　Roman

colonies　were　in　many　respects　different　from　the　Greek　ones；　the

interest　which　prompted　to　establish　them　was　equally　plain　and

distinct。　Both　institutions　derived　their　origin　either　from

irresistible　necessity；　or　from　clear　and　evident　utility。

　　　　　The　establishment　of　the　European　colonies　in　America　and

the　West　Indies　arose　from　no　necessity：　and　though　the　utility

which　has　resulted　from　them　has　been　very　great；　it　is　not

altogether　so　clear　and　evident。　It　was　not　understood　at　their

first　establishment；　and　was　not　the　motive　either　of　that

establishment　or　of　the　discoveries　which　gave　occasion　to　it；

and　the　nature；　extent；　and　limits　of　that　utility　are　not；

perhaps；　well　understood　at　this　day。

　　　　　The　Venetians；　during　the　fourteenth　and　fifteenth

centuries；　carried　on　a　very　advantageous　commerce　in　spiceries；

and　other　East　India　goods；　which　they　distributed　among　the

other　nations　of　Europe。　They　purchased　them　chiefly　in　Egypt；　at

that　time　under　the　dominion　of　the　Mamelukes；　the　enemies　of　the

Turks；　of　whom　the　Venetians　were　the　enemies；　and　this　union　of

interest；　assisted　by　the　money　of　Venice；　formed　such　a

connection　as　gave　the　Venetians　almost　a　monopoly　of　the　trade。

　　　　　The　great　profits　of　the　Venetians　tempted　the　avidity　of

the　Portuguese。　They　had　been　endeavouring；　during　the　course　of

the　fifteenth　century；　to　find　out　by　sea　a　way　to　the　countries

from　which　the　Moors　brought　them　ivory　and　gold　dust　across　the

desert。　They　discovered　the　Madeiras；　the　Canaries；　the　Azores；

the　Cape　de　Verde　Islands；　the　coast　of　Guinea；　that　of　Loango；

Congo；　Angola；　and　Benguela；　and；　finally；　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope。

They　had　long　wished　to　share　in　the　profitable　traffic　of　the

Venetians；　and　this　last　discovery　opened　to　them　a　probable

prospect　of　doing　so。　In　1497；　Vasco　de　Gama　sailed　from　the　port

of　Lisbon　with　a　fleet　of　four　ships；　and　after　a　navigation　of

eleven　months　arrived　upon　the　coast　of　Indostan；　and　thus

completed　a　course　of　discoveries　which　had　been　pursued　with

great　steadiness；　and　with　very　little　interruption；　for　nearly　a

century　together。

　　　　　Some　years　before　this；　while　the　expectations　of　Europe

were　in　suspense　about　the　projects　of　the　Portuguese；　of　which

the　success　appeared　yet　to　be　doubtful；　a　Genoese　pilot　formed

the　yet　more　daring　project　of　sailing　to　the　East　Indies　by　the

West。　The　situation　of　those　countries　was　at　that　time　very

imperfectly　known　in　Europe。　The　few　European　travellers　who　had

been　there　had　magnified　the　distance；　perhaps　through　simplicity

and　ignorance；　what　was　really　very　great　appearing　almost

infinite　to　those　who　could　not　measure　it；　or；　perhaps；　in　order

to　increase　somewhat　more　the　marvellous　of　their　own　adventures

in　visiting　regions　so　immensely　remote　from　Europe。　The　longer

the　way　was　by　the　East；　Columbus　very　justly　concluded；　the

shorter　it　would　be　by　the　West。　He　proposed；　therefore；　to　take

that　way；　as　both　the　shortest　and　the　surest；　and　he　had　the

good　fortune　to　convince　Isabella　of　Castile　of　the　probability

of　his　project。　He　sailed　from　the　port　of　Palos　in　August　1492；

nearly　five　years　before　the　expedition　of　Vasco　de　Gama　set　out

from　Portugal；　and；　after　a　voyage　of　between　two　and　three

months；　discovered　first　some　of　the　small　Bahamas　or　Lucayan

islands；　and　afterwards　the　great　island　of　St。　Domingo。

　　　　　But　the　countries　which　Columbus　discovered；　either　in　this

or　in　any　of　his　subsequent　voyages；　had　no　resemblance　to　those

which　he　had　gone　in　quest　of。　Instead　of　the　wealth；

cultivation；　and　populousness　of　China　and　Indostan；　he　found；　in

St。　Domingo；　and　in　all　the　other　parts　of　the　new　world　which　he

ever　visited；　nothing　but　a　country　quite　covered　with　wood；

uncultivated；　and　inhabited　only　by　some　tribes　of　naked　and

miserable　savages。　He　was　not　very　willing；　however；　to　believe

that　they　were　not　the　same　with　some　of　the　countries　described

by　Marco　Polo；　the　first　European　who　had　visited；　or　at　least

had　left　behind　him；　any　description　of　China　or　the　East　Indies；

and　a　very　slight　resemblance；　such　as　that　which　he　found

between　the　name　of　Cibao；　a　mountain　in　St。　Domingo；　and　that　of

Cipango　mentioned　by　Marco　Polo；　was　frequently　sufficient　to

make　him　return　to　this　favourite　prepossession；　though　contrary

to　the　clearest　evidence。　In　his　letters　to　Ferdinand　and

Isabella　he　called　the　countries　which　he　had　discovered　the

Indies。　He　entertained　no　doubt　but　that　they　were　the　extremity

of　those　which　had　been　described　by　Marco　Po