wealbk04-第37章

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America；　consist；　first；　in　the　increase　of　its　enjoyments；　and；

secondly；　in　the　augmentation　of　its　industry。

　　　　　The　surplus　produce　of　America；　imported　into　Europe；

furnishes　the　inhabitants　of　this　great　continent　with　a　variety

of　commodities　which　they　could　not　otherwise　have　possessed；

some　for　conveniency　and　use；　some　for　pleasure；　and　some　for

ornament；　and　thereby　contributes　to　increase　their　enjoyments。

　　　　　The　discovery　and　colonization　of　America；　it　will　readily

be　allowed；　have　contributed　to　augment　the　industry；　first；　of

all　the　countries　which　trade　to　it　directly；　such　as　Spain；

Portugal；　France；　and　England；　and；　secondly；　of　all　those　which；

without　trading　to　it　directly；　send；　through　the　medium　of　other

countries；　goods　to　it　of　their　own　produce；　such　as　Austrian

Flanders；　and　some　provinces　of　Germany；　which；　through　the

medium　of　the　countries　before　mentioned；　send　to　it　a

considerable　quantity　of　linen　and　other　goods。　All　such

countries　have　evidently　gained　a　more　extensive　market　for　their

surplus　produce；　and　must　consequently　have　been　encouraged　to

increase　its　quantity。

　　　　　But　that　those　great　events　should　likewise　have　contributed

to　encourage　the　industry　of　countries；　such　as　Hungary　and

Poland；　which　may　never；　perhaps；　have　sent　a　single　commodity　of

their　own　produce　to　America；　is　not；　perhaps；　altogether　so

evident。　That　those　events　have　done　so；　however；　cannot　be

doubted。　Some　part　of　the　produce　of　America　is　consumed　in

Hungary　and　Poland；　and　there　is　some　demand　there　for　the　sugar；

chocolate；　and　tobacco　of　that　new　quarter　of　the　world。　But

those　commodities　must　be　purchased　with　something　which　is

either　the　produce　of　the　industry　of　Hungary　and　Poland；　or　with

something　which　had　been　purchased　with　some　part　of　that

produce。　Those　commodities　of　America　are　new　values；　new

equivalents；　introduced　into　Hungary　and　Poland　to　be　exchanged

there　for　the　surplus　produce　of　those　countries。　By　being

carried　thither　they　create　a　new　and　more　extensive　market　for

that　surplus　produce。　They　raise　its　value；　and　thereby

contribute　to　encourage　its　increase。　Though　no　part　of　it　may

ever　be　carried　to　America；　it　may　be　carried　to　other　countries

which　purchase　it　with　a　part　of　their　share　of　the　surplus

produce　of　America；　and　it　may　find　a　market　by　means　of　the

circulation　of　that　trade　which　was　originally　put　into　motion　by

the　surplus　produce　of　America。

　　　　　Those　great　events　may　even　have　contributed　to　increase　the

enjoyments；　and　to　augment　the　industry　of　countries　which　not

only　never　sent　any　commodities　to　America；　but　never　received

any　from　it。　Even　such　countries　may　have　received　a　greater

abundance　of　other　commodities　from　countries　of　which　the

surplus　produce　had　been　augmented　by　means　of　the　American

trade。　This　greater　abundance；　as　it　must　necessarily　have

increased　their　enjoyments；　so　it　must　likewise　have　augmented

their　industry。　A　greater　number　of　new　equivalents　of　some　kind

or　other　must　have　been　presented　to　them　to　be　exchanged　for　the

surplus　produce　of　that　industry。　A　more　extensive　market　must

have　been　created　for　that　surplus　produce　so　as　to　raise　its

value；　and　thereby　encourage　its　increase。　The　mass　of

commodities　annually　thrown　into　the　great　circle　of　European

commerce；　and　by　its　various　revolutions　annually　distributed

among　all　the　different　nations　comprehended　within　it；　must　have

been　augmented　by　the　whole　surplus　produce　of　America。　A　greater

share　of　this　greater　mass；　therefore；　is　likely　to　have　fallen

to　each　of　those　nations；　to　have　increased　their　enjoyments；　and

augmented　their　industry。

　　　　　The　exclusive　trade　of　the　mother　countries　tends　to

diminish；　or；　at　least；　to　keep　down　below　what　they　would

otherwise　rise　to；　both　the　enjoyments　and　industry　of　all　those

nations　in　general；　and　of　the　American　colonies　in　particular。

It　is　a　dead　weight　upon　the　action　of　one　of　the　great　springs

which　puts　into　motion　a　great　part　of　the　business　of　mankind。

By　rendering　the　colony　produce　dearer　in　all　other　countries；　it

lessens　its　consumption；　and　thereby　cramps　the　industry　of　the

colonies；　and　both　the　enjoyments　and　the　industry　of　all　other

countries；　which　both　enjoy　less　when　they　pay　more　for　what　they

enjoy；　and　produce　less　when　they　get　less　for　what　they　produce。

By　rendering　the　produce　of　all　other　countries　dearer　in　the

colonies；　it　cramps；　in　the　same　manner　the　industry　of　all　other

countries；　and　both　the　enjoyments　and　the　industry　of　the

colonies。　It　is　a　clog　which；　for　the　supposed　benefit　of　some

particular　countries；　embarrasses　the　pleasures　and　encumbers　the

industry　of　all　other　countries；　but　of　the　colonies　more　than　of

any　other。　It　not　only　excludes；　as　much　as　possible；　all　other

countries　from　one　particular　market；　but　it　confines；　as　much　as

Possible；　the　colonies　to　one　particular　market；　and　the

difference　is　very　great　between　being　excluded　from　one

particular　market；　when　all　others　are　open；　and　being　confined

to　one　particular　market；　when　all　others　are　shut　up。　The

surplus　produce　of　the　colonies；　however；　is　the　original　source

of　all　that　increase　of　enjoyments　and　industry　which　Europe

derives　from　the　discovery　and　colonization　of　America；　and　the

exclusive　trade　of　the　mother　countries　tends　to　render　this

source　much　less　abundant　than　it　otherwise　would　be。

　　　　　The　particular　advantages　which　each　colonizing　country

derives　from　the　colonies　which　particularly　belong　to　it　are　of

two　different　kinds；　first；　those　common　advantages　which　every

empire　derives　from　the　provinces　subject　to　its　dominion；　and；

secondly；　those　peculiar　advantages　which　are　supposed　to　result

from　provinces　of　so　very　peculiar　a　nature　as　the　European

colonies　of　America。

　　　　　The　common　advantages　which　every　empire　derives　from　the

provinces　subject　to　its　dominion　consist；　first；　in　the　military

force　which　they　furnish　for　its　defence；　and；　secondly；　in　the

revenue　which　they　furnish　for　the　support　of　its　civil

government。　The　Roman　colones　furnished　occasionally　both　the　one

and　the　other。　The　Greek　colonies；　sometimes；　furnished　a

military　force；　but　seldom　any　revenue。　They　seldom　acknowledged

themselves　subject　to　the　dominion　of　the　mother　city。　They　were

generally　her　allies　in　war；　but　very　seldom　her　subjects　in

peace。

　　　　　The　European　colonies　of　America　have　never　yet　furnished

any　military　force　for　the　defence　of　the　mother　country。　Their

military　force　has　never　yet　been　sufficient　for　their　own

defence；　and　in　the　different　wars　in　which　the　mother　countries

have　been　engaged；　the　defence　of　their　colonies　has　generally

occasioned　a　very　considerable　distraction　of　the　military　force

of　those　countries。　In　this　respect；　therefore；　all　the　European

colonies　have；　without　exception；　been　a　cause　rather　of　weakness

than　of　strength　to　their　respective　mother　countries。

　　　　　The　colonies　of　Spain　and　Portugal　only　have　contributed　any

revenue　towards　the　defence　of　the　mother　country；　or　the　support

of　her　civil　government。　The　taxes　which　have　been　levied　upon

those　of　other　European　nations；　upon　those　of　England　in

particular；　have　seldom　been　equal　to　the　expense　laid　out　upon

them　in　time　of　peace；　and　never　sufficient　to　defray　that　which

they　occasioned　in　time　of　war。　Such　colonies；　therefore；　have

been　a　source　of　expense　and　not　of　revenue　to　their　respective

mother　countries。

　　　　　The　advantages　of　such　colonies　to　their　respective　mother

countries　consist　altogether　in　those　peculiar　advantages　which

are　supposed　to　result　from　provinces　of　so　very　peculiar　a

nature　as　the　European　colonies　of　America；　and　the　exclusive

trade；　it　is　acknowledged；　is　the　sole　source　of　all　those

peculiar　advantages。

　　　　　In　consequence　of　this　exclusive　trade；　all　that　part　of　the

surplus　produce　of　the　English　colonies；　for　example；　which

consists　in　what　are　called　enumerated　commodities；　can　be　sent

to　no　other　country　but　England。　Other　countries　must　afterwards

buy　it　of　her。　It　must　be　cheaper　therefore　in　England　than　it

can　be　in　any　other　country；　and　must　contribute　more　to　increase

the　enjoyments　of　England　than　those　of　any　other　country。　It

must　likewise　contribute　more　to　encourage　her　industry。　For　all

those　parts　of　her　own　surplus　produce　which　England　exchanges

for　those　enumerated　commodities；　she　must　get　a　better　price

than　any　other　countries　can　get　for　the　like　parts　of　theirs；

when　they　exchange　them　for　the　same　commodities。　The

manufacturers　of　England；　for　example；　will　purchase　a　greater

quantity　of　the　sugar　and　tobacco　of　her　own　colonies　than　the

like　manufactures　of　other　countries　can　purchase　of　that　sugar

and　tobacco。　So　far；　therefore；　as　the　manufactures　of　England

and　those　of　other　countries　are　both　to　be　exchanged　for　the

sugar　and　tobacco　of　the　English　colonies；　this　superiority　of

price　gives　an　encouragement　to　the　former　beyond　what　the　latter

can　in　these　circumstances　enjoy。　The　exclusive　trade　of　the

colonies；　therefore；　as　it　diminishes；　or　at　least　keeps　down

below　what　they　would　otherwise　rise　to；　both　the　enjoyments　and

the　industry　of　the　countries　which　do　not　possess　it；　so　it

gives　an　evident　advantage　to　the　countries　which　do　possess　it

over　those　other　countries。

　　　　　This　advantage；　however；　will　perhaps　be　found　to　be　rather

what　may　be　called　a　relative　than　an　absolute　advantage；　and　to

give　a　superiority　to　the　country　which　enjoys　it　rather　by

depressing　the　industry　and　produce　of　other　countries　than　by

raising　those　of　that　particular　country　above　what　they　would

naturally　rise　to　in　the　case　of　a　free　trade。

　　　　　The　tobacco　of　Maryland　and　Virginia；　for　example；　by　means

of　the　monopoly　which　England　enjoys　of　it；　certainly　comes

cheaper　to　England　than　it　can　do　to　France；　to　whom　England

commonly　sells　a　considerable　part　of　it。　But　had　France；　and　all

other　European　countries　been；　at　all　times；　allowed　a　free　trade

to　Maryland　and　Virginia；　the　tobacco　of　those　colonies　might；　by

this　time；　have　come　cheaper　than　it　actually　does；　not　only　to

all　those　other　countries；　but　likewise　to　England。　The　produce

of　tobacco；　in　consequence　of　a　market　so　much　more　extensive

than　any　which　it　has　hitherto　enjoyed；　might；　and　probably

would；　by　this　time；　have　been　so　much　increased　as　to　reduce　the

profits　of　a　tobacco　plantation　to　their　natural　level　with　those

of　a　corn　plantation；　which；　it　is　supposed；　they　are　still

somewhat　above。　The　price　of　tobacco　might；　and　probably　would；

by　this　time；　have　fallen　somewhat　lower　than　it　is　at　present。

An　equal　quantity　of　the　commodities　either　of　England　or　of

those　other　countries　might　have　purchased　in　Maryland　and

Virginia　a　greater　quantity　of　tobacco　than　it　can　do　at　present；

and　consequently　have　been　sold　there　for　so　much　a　better　price。

So　far　as　that　weed；　therefore；　can；　by　its　cheapness　and

abundance；