madam how and lady why(豪夫人和怀女士)-第21章
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
Am I joking？ Yes； and yet no； for you know that when I joke I am
usually most in earnest。 At least； I am now。
But there are no caves in chalk？
No； not that I ever heard of。 There are； though； in limestone； which is
only a harder kind of chalk。 Madam How could turn this chalk into hard
limestone； I believe； even now； and in more ways than one： but in ways
which would not be very comfortable or profitable for us Southern folk
who live on it。 I am afraid that… …what between squeezing and heating
she would flatten us all out into phosphatic fossils； about an inch thick；
and turn Winchester city into a 〃breccia〃 which would puzzle geologists a
hundred thousand years hence。 So we will hope that she will leave our
chalk downs for the Itchen to wash gently away； while we talk about caves；
and how Madam How scoops them out by water underground； just in the
same way； only more roughly； as she melts the chalk。
Suppose； then； that these hills； instead of being soft； spongy chalk；
were all hard limestone marble； like that of which the font in the church is
made。 Then the rainwater； instead of sinking through the chalk as now；
would run over the ground down…hill； and if it came to a crack （a fault； as
it is called） it would run down between the rock； and as it ran it would eat
that hole wider and wider year by year； and make a swallow…holesuch as
you may see in plenty if you ever go up Whernside； or any of the high
hills in Yorkshireunfathomable pits in the green turf； in which you may
hear the water tinkling and trickling far； far underground。
And now； before we go a step farther； you may understand； why the
bones of animals are so often found in limestone caves。 Down such
swallow…holes how many beasts must fall： either in hurry and fright；
when hunted by lions and bears and such cruel beasts； or more often still
in time of snow； when the holes are covered with drift； or； again； if they
died on the open hill…sides； their bones might be washed in； in floods；
along with mud and stones； and buried with them in the cave below； and
beside that； lions and bears and hyaenas might live in the caves below； as
we know they did in some caves； and drag in bones through the caves'
mouths； or； again； savages might live in that cave； and bring in animals to
eat； like the wild beasts； and so those bones might be mixed up； as we
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
know they were； with things which the savages had left behindlike flint
tools or beads； and then the whole would be hardened； by the dripping of
the limestone water； into a paste of breccia just like this in my drawer。
But the bones of the savages themselves you would seldom or never find
mixed in itunless some one had fallen in by accident from above。 And
why？ （For there is a Why？ to that question： and not merely a How？）
Simply because they were men； and because God has put into the hearts of
all men； even of the lowest savages； some sort of reverence for those who
are gone； and has taught them to bury； or in some other way take care of；
their bones。
But how is the swallow…hole sure to end in a cave？
Because it cannot help making a cave for itself if it has time。
Think： and you will see that it must be so。 For that water must run
somewhere； and so it eats its way out between the beds of the rock；
making underground galleries； and at last caves and lofty halls。 For it
always eats； remember； at the bottom of its channel； leaving the roof alone。
So it eats； and eats； more in some places and less in others； according as
the stone is harder or softer； and according to the different direction of the
rock… beds （what we call their dip and strike）； till at last it makes one of
those wonderful caverns about which you are so fond of readingsuch a
cave as there actually is in the rocks of the mountain of Whernside； fed by
the swallow…holes around the mountain…top； a cave hundreds of yards long；
with halls； and lakes； and waterfalls； and curtains and festoons of stalactite
which have dripped from the roof； and pillars of stalagmite which have
been built up on the floor below。 These stalactites （those tell me who
have seen them） are among the most beautiful of all Madam How's work；
sometimes like branches of roses or of grapes； sometimes like statues；
sometimes like delicate curtains； and I know not what other beautiful
shapes。 I have never seen them； I am sorry to say； and therefore I cannot
describe them。 But they are all made in the same way； just in the same
way as those little straight stalactites which you may have seen hanging；
like icicles； in vaulted cellars； or under the arches of a bridge。 The water
melts more lime than it can carry； and drops some of it again； making fresh
limestone grain by grain as it drips from the roof above； and fresh
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
limestone again where it splashes on the floor below： till if it dripped
long enough； the stalactite hanging from above would meet the stalagmite
rising from below； and join in one straight round white graceful shaft；
which would seem （but only seem） to support the roof of the cave。 And
out of that cavethough not always out of the mouth of itwill run a
stream of water； which seems to you clear as crystal； though it is actually；
like the Itchen at Winchester； full of lime； so full of lime； that it makes
beds of fresh limestone； which are called travertinewhich you may see in
Italy； and Greece； and Asia Minor： or perhaps it petrifies； as you call it；
the weeds in its bed； like that dropping…well at Knaresborough； of which
you have often seen a picture。 And the cause is this： the water is so full
of lime； that it is forced to throw away some of it upon everything it
touches； and so incrusts with stonethough it does not turn to stone
almost anything you put in it。 You have seen； or ought to have seen；
petrified moss and birds' nests and such things from Knaresborough Well：
and now you know a little； though only a very little； of how the pretty toys
are made。
Now if you can imagine for yourself （though I suppose a little boy
cannot） the amount of lime which one of these subterranean rivers would
carry away； gnawing underground centuries after centuries； day and night；
summer and winter； then you will not be surprised at the enormous size of
caverns which may be seen in different parts of the worldbut always； I
believe； in limestone rock。 You would not be surprised （though you
would admire them） at the caverns of Adelsberg； in Carniola （in the south
of Austria； near the top of the Adriatic）； which runs； I believe； for miles in
length； and in the lakes of which； in darkness from its birth until its death；
lives that strange beast； the Proteus a sort of long newt which never comes
to perfectionI suppose for want of the genial sunlight which makes all
things grow。 But he is blind； and more； he keeps all his life the same
feathery gills which newts have when they are babies； and which we have
so often looked at through the microscope； to see the blood…globules run
round and round inside。 You would not wonder； either； at the Czirknitz
Lake； near the same place； which at certain times of the year vanishes
suddenly through chasms under water； sucking the fish down with it； and
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after a certain time boils suddenly up again from the depths； bringing back
with it the fish； who have been swimming comfortably all the time in a
subterranean lake； and bringing back； too （and； extraordinary as this story
is； there is good reason to believe it true）； live wild ducks who went down
small and unfledged； and come back full…grown and fat； with water… weeds
and small fish in their stomachs； showing they have had plenty to feed on
underground。 Butand this is the strangest part of the story； if truethey
come up unfledged just as they went down； and are moreover blind from
having been so long in darkness。 After a while； however； folks say their
eyes get right； their feathers grow； and they fly away like other birds。
Neither would you be surprised （if you recollect that Madam How is a
very old lady indeed； and that some of her work is very old likewise） at
that Mammoth Cave in Kentucky； the largest cave in the known world；
through which you may walk nearly ten miles on end； and in which a
hundred miles of gallery have been explored already； and yet no end found
to the cave。 In it （the guides will tell you） there are 〃226 avenues； 47
domes； 8 cataracts； 23 pits； and several rivers；〃 and if that fact is not very
interesting to you （as it certainly is not to me） I will tell you something
which ought to interest you： that this cave is so immensely old that
various kinds of little animals； who have settled themselves in the outer
parts of it； have had time to change their shape； and to become quite blind；
so that blind fathers and mothers have blind children； generation after
generation。
There are blind rats there； with large shining eyes which cannot see
blind landcrabs； who have the foot…stalks of their eyes （you may see them
in any crab） still left； but the eyes which should be on the top of them are
gone。 There are blind fish； too； in the cave； and blind insects； for； if they
have no use for their eyes in the dark； why should Madam How take the
trouble to finish them off？
One more cave I must tell you o
